L1 Introduction

Question 1

What are the current classifications we use to define disorders?

Answer 1

DSM-5
ICD-11
Based on empirical research and clinical observation

Question 2

What are the limitations of descriptive/diagnostic approach?

Answer 2

The diagnostic approach assumes disorders are categorical
Tends to ignore social and cultural contexts in which conditions emerge and evolve
Diagnostics descriptions imply developmental differences are static

Question 3

What are neurodevelopmental differences?

Answer 3

Characterised by atypical development
Differences first appear during childhood
Frequently continue into adulthood

Question 4

What is etiology?

Answer 4

The origins or causes of each type of neurodevelopmental difference

Question 5

What is epidemiology?

Answer 5

Prevalence of each neurodevelopmental difference in the population

Question 6

What is Frith 2001 framework?

Answer 6

Biological, cognitive and behavioural
Developmental differences are based on behaviour but this is unsatisfactory

Question 7

What is the prevalence of autism?

Answer 7

10 out of 1000 people
A dramatic increase in the past decade

Question 8

What are the reasoning for increased prevalence of autism?

Answer 8

Increase is real - something in the environment making it increase
Change in boundaries of diagnostics - cut off point shifted
Current rate is correct but no increase

Question 9

What are co-occurring diagnostics?

Answer 9

The norm for people with one diagnosis to get another
Kaplan 2001 - children with dyslexia mostly also had ADHD

Question 10

What is the prevalence of DLD and autism?

Answer 10

DLD - 7%
Autism - 1%
Predicting co-occurrence 7 per 10,000
Lucas 2008 found 57% autism with DLD

Question 11

What is a matched group design?

Answer 11

Classic approach for investigating cognitive difference (chronologically age-matched, mental age match)
D = MA < CA - D exhibits developmental delay
D < CA, MA - D exhibits atypicality/deviance

Question 12

What are the developmental trajectories?

Answer 12

Construct a function linking performance on a task with age

Question 13

What is Williams Syndrome?

Answer 13

Impaired visuospatial processing and numbers

Question 14

How does Williams syndrome relate to DLD?

Answer 14

The cognitive profile of DLD appears opposite to that seen in WS
- delay in language development

Question 15

How does Williams syndrome relate to Down syndrome?

Answer 15

Adult language - WS>DS number - DS>WS
Toddler language WS=DS number - WS>DS