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Respiratory System Module > L1 Intro > Flashcards

L1 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Trachea Anatomy

A

10cm long
Larynx –> T4/5
C-shaped cartilage ring- keeps airway open as is only entry point for air
Trachealis- a) cough reflex, narrow airway to change pressures b) flexibility for bolus of food in posterior oesophagus

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2
Q

Trachea Histological appearance

A

Lumen: Respiratory epithelium (pseudo. col. epi. + goblet cells + basal cells)
Glands
Smooth muscle (not that much as not much effect on control of flow in that airway)
Cartilage

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3
Q

Trachea Function

A

Large open tube

-Conducting zone

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4
Q

Bronchus Anatomy

A 
15 Generations of branching
Cartilage plates: keep airway from collapsing
Glands
Non-continuous Smooth muscle
Respiratory EPtihelium
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5
Q

Bronchus Histological appearance

A

Large Bronchi: Respiratory epi

Smaller Bronchi: Transition to columnar ciliated + goblet

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6
Q

Bronchus Function

A
  • need to keep airways open in segmental + lobar bronchi
    1) Conditioning
    2) Branching
    3) Transition (towards blood air barrier in alveoli)
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7
Q

Bronchiole Anatomy

A 
1mm diameter (narrower + simpler)
Last Bronchiole of C.Z.= Terminal Bronchiole
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8
Q

Bronchiole Histological Appearance

A

cuboidal ciliated epithelium
club cells
Smooth Muscle
-No Glands, cartilage or Goblet cells (not needed, airways so small that can control lumen size via smooth muscle only)

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9
Q

Bronchiole function

A

Smooth Muscle (contraction/relaxation) Controls flow into alveoli

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10
Q

Journey that air takes

A

Nasal cavity –> Pharynx –> Larynx –> trachea –> Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Alveoli

  • Protected by thorax/thoracic cage
  • Left lung smaller due to heart
  • massive surface area/very compact
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11
Q

Bronchial Tree

A

Trachea

  • -> Primary/Main Left and Right Bronchus
  • -> Lobar Bronchus
  • -> Segmental Bronchus
  • -> Terminal Bronchiole
  • -> Respiratory Bronchioles
  • -> Alveolar duct
  • -> Alveolar sacs
  • -> Alveoli
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12
Q

Functions of Respiratory System

A
  1. Protection against unsterile air
  2. Sound production (as air goes through larynx)
  3. Partial role in Blood Volume and pH control
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13
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Nasal Vestibule
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx

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14
Q

Lower Respiraotry Tract

A

Larynx
—>
Alveoli

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15
Q

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract division

A

Anatomical divisions
clinical relevance re treatment
1) Upper R.T. Infection: infection isnt too dangerous. cold/pharyngitis. dont need aggressive antibiotics. fast resolving.
2) Lower R. T. I.
-less ability to defend against pathogens
- pneumonia/bronchitis
-dont resolve/fever/wheeze

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16
Q

Ear infection

A

eustachian tube

  • excessive fluid draining into ears
  • common in children
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17
Q

Functional divisions

A
  1. Conducting zone (Nasal cavity –> terminal bronchioles)
    - NO gas exchange
    - More complex: preparation for gas exchange
  2. Respiratory Zone (Resp. Bronchiole –> Alveoli)
    - Gas exchange
    - greater SA
    - rich capillary network
    - last defense
18
Q

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

A

Location: Nasal cavity –> Bronchi
Function:
1) Ciliated: Mucociliary escalatory. motile cilia, beating and catching particles in carpet of mucus. move to back of throat to spit out
2) Protective: Tall cell for thick layer

19
Q

Goblet cells

A

Location: Nasal cavity –> Bronchi
Function:
1) Mucus production: Acute (for infection/noxious substance/hayfever/smoking)
-stimulate quite response

20
Q

Basal cells

A 
Location: Base of BM basement Membrane
Function:
1) Stem cell population
-differentiate into Goblet cells and Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epi.
-sit on bottom
21
Q

Brush cells

A

Location:
Function:
1) Sensory cells (produce nervous response upon insult)

22
Q

Small Granule Cells

A

Location:
Function:
1) Endocrine cells (release e.g histamine. in response to toxin)

23
Q

Club cells

A 
a.k.a. Clara cells
Location: Bronchioles
Function:
-Cuboidal. Non ciliated
1) secrete watery substance
a) hydration
b) antimicrobial secretions
24
Q

Type 1 Pneumocytes

A

Location: Alveoli
Function:
-squamous (super skinny) - Flat and Thin Blood-Air Barrier/membrane
1) Increase SA in alveoli

25
Q

Type II Pneumocytes

A

Location: Alveoli
Function:
1) secrete surfactant - reduce surface tension in alveoli

26
Q

Macrophages

A

Location: Alveoli
Function:
a) Defence - wandering (in airspace) (anything that hasnt been filtered in conducting zone)
-impaired mucociliary clearance (chronic infection/smoker/condition)= greater chance of getting pathogens into resp zone = increased macrophage number

27
Q

Four CT/Parenchyma

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Elastic Fibres
  3. Collaged
  4. Smooth Muscle
28
Q

Cartilage

A 
Location: Trachea & Bronchi
-larger areas, keep open for tubes with great tendency to collapse
Function:
1) keep airways open/patent
Disease:
-not really effected with age
-only a lil calcification (arthritis)
29
Q

Elastic Fibres

A 
Location: All way through Resp, Tract
Function:
1) provides elasticity "compliance"
-important with age
Disease:
- Emphysema
-COPD/smokers
30
Q

Collagen

A

Location: Lamina Propria + Interalveolar septa (walls b/w alveoli)
-all way down in various components
Function:
1) Provide tension (stops over inflation/expansion)
Disease:
-Fibrosis (interstitial lung disease. increased collagen = increased stiffness= harder to breath)

31
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Location: Wall of Airways –> until alveolar ducts
Function:
1) bronchiole function. Controls Tone/Flow in airways
-control diameter via constricting/relaxing
Disease:
Asthma

32
Q

Mucus

A

Function: keeps airways hyrdated
Sources:
1. Goblet cells (acute)
2. Seromucous glands (in submucosa/ under epithelial layer). Combination of a) sticky thick mucus (muco polysaccharides) b) watery hydration
Relationship:
-Biphasic to help cilia move
-Lower cilia beat upwards towards pharynx. Upper cilia beat down towards pahrynx. move re pressures.
Layers:
1) Top: Thick mucus capturing particles
2) Under: Watery Sol layer. Cilia able to move

33
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Thick top mucus layer

  • salt balance off
  • cilia have difficulty beating as no watery sol layer
34
Q

Cant clear mucus

A
  • productive cough
  • wheeze
  • mucociliary escalatory impairment
35
Q

Cilia beating

A

Synchronised
Not all beating at same time- Domino effect
-very fast
-Goblet cells are NON-ciliated

36
Q

Primary Cilia Dyskinesia

A

3 Tertiary
–> evolves into Cartagenal syndrome
-Tiny hooks in health people, dianine motor proteins, which are important for beating
a) People with Primary Cilia Dyskinesia have congenital defects in dianine proteins production
-immotile/dysfunctional cilia
-beat a little bit/ but in a disorganised fashion/ not full whip-like motion/pattern
-imparied muco ciliary clearance = sinus and lung infections
Note: smoking paralyses cilia = impaired mucociliary clearance= chronic lung infection susceptibility
b) genetic defect so motile cilia in:
i) hearing loss
ii) fertility problems (sperm motile flagella)
iii) brain (swelling and headaches)
Syndrome: multiple pathologies
Heterotaxy/citi-invertus
=in developmental node when body pattern is being decided (asymetrical)
=cilia beating to move morphogen/growth chemical towards left (heart forms)
=Loss of left right symmetry in embryo with this genetic defect.
Perfectly healthy but organs disorganised/different sides.
=require careful monitoring

37
Q

Nasal brushings

A

1) Get Cilia samplings
scrape epithelium off
-cant do to children
b) Sacarin tablet inside vestibule layer. Time how long it takes to taste sweet sacrin flavour
-healthy= 3min (mucociliary escalator beating)
-unhealthy= 10 min +
Course diagnosis b4 course diagnosis

38
Q

Heterotaxy/citi-invertus

A

Heterotaxy/citi-invertus
=in developmental node when body pattern is being decided (asymetrical)
=cilia beating to move morphogen/growth chemical towards left (heart forms)
=Loss of left right symmetry in embryo with this genetic defect.
Perfectly healthy but organs disorganised/different sides.
=require careful monitoring

39
Q

Sinisitus

A

Chronic inflammation of the nasal cavity
-Rhinosinisitis
-constant stream of mucus
-hard to know source when have this chronic infection which cannot be treated
-end up changing composition of epithelium
-hyper proliferation/plasia of airway
-50% goblet cells
=chronic facial pain and whole of sinuses fill up with mucus
-constantly blowing nose –> epithelium becomes squamous/inability to defend/reoccuring cycle of infection
-swallowing mucus to get sore tummy
Cure:
-snip chonci bones, reduce SA producing the mucus

40
Q

Air Preparation for gas exchange

A
  1. Filtration: remove pathogens
  2. Warmed: 20->37 degrees
  3. Humidify: saturated with water for efficient gas exchange
41
Q

Nasal cavity

A
  1. Nares/Nostrils have Vibrissae (course hairs)
    - beginning of filtration
  2. Lined with Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified epi + goblet) - layer of mucus
  3. Conchae = Turbanent bones (Superior, Middle + Inferior (largest)) boney projections) -covered in Resp Epi- Swirling
    a) slow air down (swirled) (water hitting rocks)
    b) throws big particles onto mucus layer
    c) Humidity (watery serous secretions/ + goblet cell mucous layers)
    d) increased SA (for all functions)
    4) Rich capillary network
    - underneath cell layer
    - counter current -Heating start warming
    5) Pharynx Laminar flow
42
Q

Nasal Cycle

A

One side of nose choncae will engorge blood and narrow

  • varies every 90 min in mammals
  • helps to give one side a break, recover, regenerate, hydrate. patent
  • Patent
  • CPAP Continuous Positive Air Pressure (dont have good compliance, not good nasal cycle, pushing air at same rate through both sides

Respiratory System Module (25 decks)

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