L1: Intro Flashcards
speech (production and perception) is…
medium of oral communication that employs a linguistic code
communication thru vocal symbols (i.e. 45 speech sounds in our system)
complex dynamic neuromuscular process
speech as a complex dynamic neuromuscular process involves…. (5)
articulation
resonance
phonation
respiration
prosody (ex. pitch, speech rate, stress)
language is …
a shared set of mutually agreed upon symbols used to represent concepts or ideas (arbitrarily developed)
language is a set of symbols governed by set of rules including:
phonology and phonotactics
morphology
syntax
semantics
pragmatics
communication is…
exchange of concepts or ideas bw two or more entities
dynamic role exchange bw ex. speaker and listener
mechanism whereby we establish, maintain, change relationships
consists of multiple forms
socially motivated and mediated communication is…
interactional (ex. discussing a movie)
agenda driven communication is…
transactional (ex. ordering food in a restaurant)
what is considered output/expression
spoken, written, nonverbal (ex. gaze, facial expression, posture etc)
what is considered input/comprehension
auditory comprehension
reading comprehension
nonverbal (ex. perception of facial expression, posture, proximity etc)
senses of smell, touch, and taste
what is discourse?
exchange of info beyond the single sentence level
actual instances of talk, writing or linguistic communication in some other medium
discourse analyses consider what happens when people draw on the knowledge they have about ____ , knowledge based on ______ of what they have expressed, read, heard to complete actions in the word
language
memories
Discourse can be described at various levels of structure including….
syntax, semantics, stylistics, and rhetoric (or motivations)
Discourse may be studied in terms of the actual _____ ______ of its production and comprehension by users
cognitive processes
spoken discourse performances of adults with and without cerebral vascular disease is well-known to reveal close and complex interplay among…
cognitive systems and language production processes
what are the 5 discourse genres?
narrative
procedural
expository
argumentative
conversation
narrative =
real or imagined events
6 parts of narrative genre
abstract
setting/orientation
complicating actions
evaluation
result/resolution
coda (optional - in which the speakers/reader returns listener or reader to present time)
describe the procedural discourse genre
descriptions of specified sequential steps/actions (ex. doing laundry, loading an app on cellphone, making a PBJ sandwich)
goal oriented and factually based
lacks opinion sharing
doesn’t require an agent (ex. I)
present tense and imperative mood
*locative and temporal info
how is narrative different from procedural discourse
procedural has greater chronological rigidity than narratives
procedural has lower lexical diversity than narratives
describe expository discourse
explains ideas and relationships w focus on how concepts relate to one another
not chronologically based
doesn’t require an agent
complex morphology and syntax w a variety of verb tenses
existential, abstract and descriptive clauses
greater lexical variety
describe argumentative discourse
interactants reason-out ideas or convictions to become more convincing
- legal contexts, political arenas, debating
describe conversation discourse
requires 2 people who take turns
topics and context dictate # of turns
turns fit together
co-development of discourse topics
topics inform language and behaviour
variable lexical and grammatical form, moods
all turns (regardless of length/complexity) carry meaning, purpose, intention
list the 4 conversation elements
turn taking and organization
sequential organization (recurring patterns)
topic organization
trouble source repair and organization (i.e. conversation breakdown)
turn taking and organization
locally managed and interaction-ally controlled (dynamic)
transition in relevant place indicates the end of a turn
sequential organization (recurring patterns)
adjacency pairs - aka cuplets
for ex:
- question/answer
- greeting/acknowledgment
- scripts/schema (ex. ordering from menu)
describe topic organization
selecting, maintaining, changing/shifting
global (macro) (ex. a wedding)
specific (Micro or subtopics, ex. destination vs church wedding)
side sequences, insertion sequences or off topic utterances (ex. oh that reminds me…)
perseverations (repeating a motor movement or something said)
intrusions (more indicative of an impairment, not done often typically)
trouble source repair and organization (i.e. conversation breakdown)
trouble source (TS)
repair initiation (signal or cue of misunderstanding) (RI)
repair (RP)
outcome (resolution, RS)
pragmatics
when and how utterances are used appropriately in verbal interaction
meaning derived from aspects of language use other than the grammar, such as inferences from the situational context, paralinguistic features (i.e. affective prosody, gestures, facial expressions) or general knowledge
pragmatics is necessary for…
interpreting jokes, sarcasm, indirect speech acts and non-stereotyped metaphors, and every single utterance about whether it is to be taken literally or not
define functional communication
the ability to receive or convey a message, regardless of the mode, to communicate effectively and independently in a given environment
communicate effectively in real life
cognition
mental processes where sensory info is transformed, reduced, elaborate, stored, recovered, and used
processes of gaining knowledge, organizing info (new or old) and using what has been learned
2 types of longterm memory
declarative and nondeclarative
declarative LTM =
facts, explicit - memories of facts and events that can be consciously recalled
nondeclarative LTM =
aka implicit
aka a type of memory that is accessed w/o conscious thought
declarative memory includes 3 types
semantic
episodic
lexical
semantic mem
concepts
ex. what a dog is
episodic mem
events
ex. what your experience of dogs are
lexical mem
words
ex. how words are formed - know what phonemes make up the word dog
4 types of nondeclarative mem
procedural
priming
simple Classical cond (emotional and skeletal musculature)
non associative learning
procedural mem
striatum
ex. how to button up a shirt (not the motor bits necessary but knowing that the button goes thru the hole)
priming mem
neocortex
ex. hears baby cry, thinks of baby
emotional CC mem
amygdala
mem of events triggered by certain emotions
skeletal musculature mem
cerebellum
the actual muscle movement to button up a shirt
non associative mem
reflex pathways
neurolinguistics
neuroanatomical structures and neurophysiological processes that go along w language production and processing
psycholinguistics
how we understand, produce, and acquire language
the relationship bw psychological processes and language operations (ex. word freq)
sociolinguistics
social rules, conventions, and guidelines that determine how we use language
aphasia =
a communication disability due to an acquired impairment of language modalities caused by focal brain damage
aphasia may affect participation and quality of life of the person w aphasia as well as their family and friends
aphasia masks competence and affects functioning across relationships, life roles and activities, thereby influencing social inclusion, social connectedness, access to info and services, equal rights, and wellbeing in family, community and culture
aphasia is a ____: a ______ of behavioural and neurological features
syndrome
collection
aphasia results from focal damage; usually of ____
rapid onset
aphasia involves cortical and/or sub-cortical regions involved in…
language dominant cerebral hemisphere
T or F: aphasia is related to sensory or perceptual disturbances
F
aphasia is _____ based… not a speech problem
language
aphasia involves selected cognitive…
problems (ex. attention sys and processes)
aphasia can coincide w other…
cognitive, sensory, and muscle co-ordination disorders (but not underlying probs)
aphasia in involves _____ problems to language, not ____ of language
access prob
not loss of language
T or F: improvements in language competence and performance occur over time in aphasia
T
incidence of strokes per year
12.2 million
1 of __ people over age 25 will have a stroke in their lifetime
4
15-49 years old accounts for ___% of strokes
16%
62% of all strokes are ____ than 70 years old
younger
___% men and ___% women for strokes
47, 53
____ stroke survivors….. ____% are younger than 70 years
> 101 million
67%
in Canada, > _______ children living w stroke
10,000
____ million people die from stoke annually
6.5
total # of disability adjusted life years lost (DALYs) due to risk factors ____ from 1990 to 2019
inc
dec in DALYs in …. inc in …
high income countries
lower-middle income countries
4 fold inc in # of DALYs due to
high BMI
incidence of aphasia in US
180k annually
aphasia occurs in ___% of Canadian stroke surviors
30
indvs w aphasia are…
older
women>men (slightly)
more severe strokes on admission
more frequently discharged t LTC and/or rehab
independent predictor of longer hospital stat and thrombolytic Rx-tPA
despite aphasia ___% not seen by an SLP
35%
localizationist (incl associationist) language models…
language processing locally specialized (w or w/o interconnected brain regions)
holistic (incl. cognitivist) language models….
language processing less tightly allocated to distinct brain regions
Paul Broca …..
supproted Gall’s and brouillard’s hypothesis that langauge is localized to frontal lobes
specific localization to inferior frontal convolutions
began doctrine of cerebral dominance for language functions
carl Wernicke discovered that
sensory aphasia associated with posterior left brain
pierre marie…
loss of cognition to interpret the symbol systems disagreed w Broca’s assertion of frontal central area for expression and posterior area for comprehension
true centre for aphasia in 1st temporal convolution
unitary conception of aphasia = collection of multiple disorders
Hughlings jackson …
founder of cognitive school
language organized in hierarchy w/i brain - hollistic approach
verbal behaviour divided into 2 levels: propositional and non-propositional
basic unit of language is not the word but the proposition
describe Hughlings jackson’s 2 levels of verbal behaviour
propositional = intellectual voluntary; statement or principle for discussion; an idea, event, or task; a relationship of nouns and verbs - a complete idea drive by your thinking
non-propositional (driven by emotion - involuntary) = differential impairment of the 2 levels
A.R. Luria…
functional systems interconnected
inter and intra-systemic re-organization following brain damage and Tx
among first to talk about neuroplasticity
cognitive psychologists and neuropsychologists like Kaplan and goodglass studied..
an amalgamation of psycholinguistics, single case methods, info processing models of language
microgenetic theories
symptoms of aphasia (i.e. errors but not deficits) are a normal part of normal processing revealed by pathology
Thought that aphasia was a result of how the brain develops
Non-propositional language devs sooner than propositional lang – when someone has aphasia they lose propositional abilities first, leaving them w non-prop lang
