Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

current topics 1 > L1: Intro > Flashcards

L1: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

how can you study stress perception?

A

by asking ppl questions or by doing brain scans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what can be the health consequences of stress?

A
  • predicts dev of cardiovascular disease (even after adjusting for lifestyle factors)
  • contributes to increases morbidity & mortality
  • older individuals more likely to die within a year of losing a spouse
  • higher rates of infectious illnesses
  • slower wound healing
  • worsened autoimmune conditions
  • poor mental health outcomes (anxiety, PTSD, depression, burnout)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does the stress cycle go?

A

stressor -> stress perception -> stress response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which is a better predictor of depression: lots of daily hassles vs nr of life events & death of a loved one

A

nr of daily hassles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the best way to study acute stress in the lab?

A

by giving a mentally challenging task w amplifying component
ex: improvised speech alongside social evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the reactivity hypothesis suggest?

A

that exaggerated cardiovascular responses to acute stress is a risk factover for development of CVD & elevated blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are 2 key determinations of stress?

A
  • lack of control
  • social evaluation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what was brady’s experiment?

A

2 monkeys were getting electrical shocks but one of them could control she shock they both receive (active), and the one that could not (joked control) suffered far worse stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does social self preservation theory say?

A

threats to the social self engender a speicifc set of psychological and physical reactions (ex: feelings of low social worth, increases in stress hormone cortisol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what did the shoplifting scenario show?

A

required participant to defened themselves against shoplifting allegations
showed that even when stressor is the same, the social context in which the stressor is experienced makes a big difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in what 2 waves does the stress response come?

A
  • 1st wave: immediate fight or flight response that activates SYMPATHETIC Adreno Medullary System (ADRENALINE & noradrenaline released), suppresses parasympathetic NS (acetylcholine; no saliva production, heart rate goes up, bowel issues etc), HPA axis, (adrenocorticotrophic ACTH):
  • 2nd and slower wave is endocrine pathways of HPA axis which occurs in 2h. ACTH leads to release of CORTISOL, which regulates metabolism, BP, and immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are cortisol levels like?

A

increase with stress (since HPA axis releases cortisol as part of 2nd wave)
normally, cortisol levels return to normal after stress, but chronic stress can lead to persistnelty high cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can be the results of persistnelty high cortisol levels?

A

fat accumulation, muscle wasting
Cushing’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the difference between a neurotransmitter and hormone?

A

neurotransmitter: activates receptors on adjacent cells
hormone: activates receptors on distant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where did the concept of stress originate?

A

in physics: to describe internal forces in a system caused by external pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the psychological definition of stress?

A

stress occurs when demands are appraised as exceeding a person’s resources to cope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are stressors vs stress responses?

A

stressors: internal or external events that may trigger stress responses (ex: external stressors can be an exam, while one’s conflicting desires is an internal stressor)
there can also be other categories like acute stressors, chronic stressors, daily hassles, traumatic stressors, and role strain
stress responses: variaous ways we respond to stressors: can be divided into cognitive, affective, behavioural, and psych responses (not always a strong association between these)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what factors make stress worse?

A
  • when a situation is perceived as uncontrollable or unpredictable
  • so sense of control can mediate the effects of chornic stress
19
Q

by what is stress responsivity influenced?

A
  • genetics
  • early environment (prenatal stress affects childs stress responses)
20
Q

what are “orchid children” vs “dandelion children”

A

orchid: more sensitive to their environment, showing better or worse health outcomes based on their upbringing
dandelion: less affected by adversity

21
Q

what is an alternative to the fight or flight response?

A

tend and befriend response: individuals seek social support and care for others
- common in females
- linked to release of oxytocing & endogenous opioids, which promotes bonding and reduces stress
- social affiliation through this response can buffer against the long term negative impacts of stress, complementing the fight or flight response in managing stressors

22
Q

how does stress affect the immune system?

A

both sympathetic NS & HPA axis influence it, but in opposite ways!
SNS
- increases immune activity, through activation of natural killer cells
HPA
- suppresses immune responses by producing cortisol, which has anti inflammatory effects & reduces white blood cells and cytokine release

& immune responses vary based on stressor!
- short term stressor (like giving presentation): boosts immune activity for immediate defense, but this effect quickly fades
- chronic stressors (like caregiving or unemployment) negatively affect all aspects of immune functioning

23
Q

how does the interactional, or transactional, approach to stress view it?

A

views stress as a dynamic process resulting from the interaction between a person and their environment
- stress occurs when a person appraises the demands of a situation as exceeding their ability to cope
- this model highlights importance of appraisal processes in explaining variations in stress responses (& how others factors can moderate stress)
- views stress as ongoing process

24
Q

what are the 3 key processes of appraisal in the interactional, or transactional, approach to stress?

A
  1. primary appraisal: evaluating whether a situation is benign or stressful
  2. secondary appraisal: assessing one’s resources and capacity to cope
  3. reappraisal: reassessing the situation after applying coping strategies, which may lead to a change in how stressful the situation is perceived
25
Q

what happens to ppl who appraise pain as threatening vs challenging

A

threatening: experience greater pain, reduced tolerate, and more passive coping
challenge: more tolerance, active coping

26
Q

what are the 3 main factors that make establishing how stress affects health challenging?

A
  1. variation in stress response: individuals respond differently to stress (due to resilience, coping strategies, social support and differences in allostic load)
  2. complex causes of illness: hard to isolate stress as sole cause cause many other factors involved (can trigger, or exacerbate some instead of causing, and depends on individual)
  3. behavioural, emotional, and physical pahtways: stress can affect health through behaviours (like smoking), as well as emotional & physical response so stress related health issues arise from multiple interconnected pathways, not just direct physical effects
27
Q

what is the vulnerability-stress model? (or diathesis-stress model)

A

explains how vulnerability factors (predisposition is present due to hereditary/bio or other pre existing factors create vulnerability), when combined w stressors, influence whether someone develops a disease

28
Q

define resilience

A

ability to recover from stres, maintain purpose during adversity, and grow or learn from it

29
Q

what are the 3 main factors associated w higher resilience?

A
  1. emotion & emotional disposition: positive emotions & optimism decrease mortality rates generally, lower risk of cardiovascular disease, and betters health; while negative emotions like depression & narcissisim increase vulnerability to physical & mental illness
  2. coping: ppl who view stressors as challenges rather than threats have smaller cortisol responses. in general strategies that enhance control & mastery are better, while avoidant may be useful in short term like before surgery
  3. social relationships & support: trauma involving intentional harm are more likely to cause PTSD, strong social bonds (especially from parents) increase survival rates, while loneliness & isolation are unhealthy. general it helps
30
Q

define coping

A

efforst to manage stress, regardless of success

31
Q

what are the types of coping?

A

emotion focused: reducing distress
problem focused: dealing w the problem
approach coping: proactive strategies
avoidant coping: denial, avoidance

32
Q

where is burnout very commmon?

A

in healthcare jobs (25-75% among doctors, 33-50% among nurses)

33
Q

what are the 3 main symptoms of burnout?

A
  1. emotional exhaustion: feeling physically and emotionally depleted
  2. depersonalization: developing a cynical, impersonal attitude toward work, pateints, and colleagues
  3. reduced personal accomplishments: feeling ineffective, disengaged, and unmotivated w a lack of belief in one’s ability to make positive changes
34
Q

what does the burnout spectrum look like?

A

spectrum from engagement (high vigor, dedication, good performance) to severe burnout (poor performance, dissatisfaction, absenteeism, physical symptoms)

35
Q

with what factors does burnout correlate?

A
  • poor job satisfaction
  • absenteeism
  • work life conflict
  • unhealthy behaviour (alcohol use, fast food consumption)
36
Q

what are the 3 levels of burnout protective factors?

A
  • individual: healthy lifestyle, adequate coping
  • individual-environment interaction: social support, person organization fit
  • organizational: adequate working conditions & positive organizational culture
37
Q

what are effective interventions for burnout like?

A
  • target all 3 levels of protective factors (individual, individual-environment, organizational)
  • promote positive work culture
  • empower staff
38
Q

what are risk factors for burnout?

A
  • poor time management
  • feelings of overwhelù
  • neuroticism
  • perfectionism
  • female
  • imposter feelings
39
Q

what can you do to prevent burnout?

A
  • learn positive stress management techniues
  • seek appropriate support
  • build resilience (like through stress inoculation)
40
Q

what are some stress management interventions?

A
  • relaxation: mediation, mindfulness
  • cognitive behavioural techniques: cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation
41
Q

how does stress inoculation work?

A

exposes ppl to stressors & trains them to handle stressful situations, like a paramedics mock ups of accidents for healthcare workers

42
Q

how effective are cognitive behavioural stress management techniques?

A

improves psych outcomes like depression & low self esteem
but mixed physical health benefits

43
Q

name a controversial stress management technique?

A

crticial incident debriefing, intended to prevent PTSD after traumatic event
mixed results

44
Q

what seem to be the most effective stress prevention techniques?

A

physical & mental relaxation exercises & CBT

current topics 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions