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6 Prosthetics & Orthotics > L1 Intro > Flashcards

L1 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Orthotist

A

refers to professional

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2
Q

Orthotics

A

refers to field of study

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3
Q

Prothesis

A

an externally applied device used to replace a missing body part

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4
Q

Orthosis

A

an externally applied device used to replace a missing function (refers to singular device)

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5
Q

Force

A

a push or pull exerted by one object on another

when a force is applied to an object, it can cause it to accelerate or decelerate

forces on human body can produce or restrain a movement

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6
Q

External force

A

push or pull from a source outside of the body

gravity, weight of body, ground reaction force

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7
Q

Line of gravity

A

line from the object’s COM to center of the earth

the location of the line of gravity with the respect to the axis of rotation of a joint can produce or limit movement at that joint

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8
Q

LOG anterior to hip causes

A

hip flexion

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9
Q

LOG anterior to knee causes

A

knee extension

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10
Q

LOG posterior to knee causes

A

knee flexion

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11
Q

LOG anterior to ankle causes

A

dorsiflexion

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12
Q

LOG posterior to ankle causes

A

plantarflexion

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13
Q

Ground Reaction Force Vector

A

the force of the ground on the foot

line connect the body’s COM and the point of contact of the foot with the ground

the location of the GRFV relative to the joints will affect joint movement

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14
Q

Midstance forces

A

GRVF should pass anterior to the knee and posterior to the hip

causes knee and hip extension

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15
Q

Internal Forces

A

produced by sources within the body

muscle, connective tissues

these forces can produce joint movement, counteract external forces that act on the body

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16
Q

Knee buckling during stance

A

Ankle DF will move GRFV posterior to the knee, causing knee FLEXION

if the body doesn’t have sufficient enough muscle force to maintain knee extension, the knee will buckle

you will want a AFO that prevents ankle DF to keep GRFV anterior to the knee, keeping it extended

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17
Q

Tensile Forces

A

distracts or moves the surfaces apart

a dynamic progressive splint applies end-range tensile loads to trigger elongation and increase joint ROM

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18
Q

Compression

A

perpendicular force by the direction of force is towards one another

would be used for swelling

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19
Q

Shear

A

forces applied parallel to a surface to move one object along the surface of another

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20
Q

Friction

A

special type of shear force

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21
Q

Skin breakdown

A

can be caused by shear and friction forces

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22
Q

Bending Forces

A

applied to an object that results in equilibrium

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23
Q

Three point bending systems

A

a proximal and distal force applied in the same direction are countered by a third force applied in the opposite direction at a point inbetween

used to control unwanted motion

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24
Q

The force required _____ in a three point system as….

A

decreases as the point of application is moved further from the axis of movement

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25
Central force
anteriorly directed force applied at the posterior knee
26
4 Point Control System
force should not be applied directly over a bony prominence alternative is a four point force system to distribute the counter-force on either side of the bony prominence
27
Dynamic Devices
devices designed to generate forces that produce movement determined by design, materials, alignment
28
Functional Electrical Stimulation
alternative to a conventional orthosis E-stim applied to nerve or muscles to improve function can be used by itself or with an orthosis
29
Orthosis to Limit, control, or prevent movement
use of materials or appliance designs that produce high levels or rigidity at unstable joints rigid materials, increased thickness, and more surface area provide stability
30
Heel lift will
move the GRF more posterior because the tibia tilts forward
31
Stop
prevents motion in a particular direction but allows movement in the other direction at the joint named for the direction it is stopping
32
Lock
component that can be engaged to lock the joint in a selected position preventing all motion at the joint while its engaged
33
Goals of prosthetics/orthotic devices
apply sufficient force to achieve effectiveness -minimize pressure to insure comfort and safety -devices should be designed to apply the least effective force
34
To achieve the balance between effective control and comfort
1. minimize the magnitude of the force requirements 2. minimize friction and abnormal movements between device and the user 3. minimize pressure between the device and user
35
Minimize magnitude of force requirements
-done my maximizing the length of the moment arm -increasing the length of lever arm allows for decreased force application also longer residual limbs have greater leverage, helps to produce greater moment arm
36
Minimize friction and abnormal movements between the device and user
Remember skin tolerance --> some areas handle forces better congruence between the anatomical and mechanical joint reduces shear perspiration increases the coefficient of friction of the skin
37
Minimize Pressure
the amount of force per surface area = pressure increasing surface area will decrease pressure prosthetic sockets and orthoses are designed to spread force over a large area
38
Loss of limb due to amputation
COM sifts away from the amputated limb
39
Weight of orthotic or prosthetic device
COM moves lower and toward the additional weight
40
Psychosocial considerations of orthotics
body image ability to resume normal activities reduced motivation due to self image
41
Orthotic Classifications
1. method of manufacture 2. biomechanical terminology 3. types of materials or components
42
Method of Manufacture
Custom Made Prefabricated--off the shelf or over the counter
43
Custom Made orthoses
manufactured and fit by an orthotist for a specific individual
44
Prefabricated orthoses
mass produced for the general population off the shelf or over the counter
45
off the shelf
provided to pt by a practitioner, with custom fit
46
Over the coutner
without individual fitting, can purchase from a pharmacy or store
47
Biomechanical naming by joint or body region
named proximal to distal includes the name of major joints that are enclosed within the orthosis
48
Biomechanical naming by type of control exerted by orthosis
Free Assist Resist Stop Hold Lock
49
Free
no control is exerted and the joint is free to move in a designated plane
50
Assist
assists the motion by applying an external force to increase range, velocity, or force of a desire motion
51
Resist
resist unwanted motion by applying force to decrease the velocity or force of an undesirable movement
52
Hold
controls and eliminates all motion at a joint in all planes
53
Naming by materials and components used in fabrication
Conventional Molded Hybrid
54
Conventional Orthosis
made primarily from metal components and leather
55
Molded Orthosis
made from thermoplastics and composite materials. manufactured over custom mold of client. no moving parts. plastic one piece shell. total contact
56
Hybrid orthosis
hinged or articulated and uses a combination of conventional and molded compenetry
57
Stiffness
amount of bending or compression that occurs when a material is loaded increased stiffness means it is less flexible
58
Density
material's weight per unit volume prime determinant of energy cost during functional activity
59
Thickness
increasing thickness of material means increased rigidity. Also increases weight and bulk of the device
60
Strength
determined by max load that a material can sustain or support

6 Prosthetics & Orthotics (11 decks)

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