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6 Prosthetics & Orthotics > L1 Intro > Flashcards

L1 Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Orthotist

A

refers to professional

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2
Q

Orthotics

A

refers to field of study

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3
Q

Prothesis

A

an externally applied device used to replace a missing body part

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4
Q

Orthosis

A

an externally applied device used to replace a missing function (refers to singular device)

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5
Q

Force

A

a push or pull exerted by one object on another

when a force is applied to an object, it can cause it to accelerate or decelerate

forces on human body can produce or restrain a movement

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6
Q

External force

A

push or pull from a source outside of the body

gravity, weight of body, ground reaction force

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7
Q

Line of gravity

A

line from the object’s COM to center of the earth

the location of the line of gravity with the respect to the axis of rotation of a joint can produce or limit movement at that joint

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8
Q

LOG anterior to hip causes

A

hip flexion

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9
Q

LOG anterior to knee causes

A

knee extension

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10
Q

LOG posterior to knee causes

A

knee flexion

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11
Q

LOG anterior to ankle causes

A

dorsiflexion

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12
Q

LOG posterior to ankle causes

A

plantarflexion

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13
Q

Ground Reaction Force Vector

A

the force of the ground on the foot

line connect the body’s COM and the point of contact of the foot with the ground

the location of the GRFV relative to the joints will affect joint movement

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14
Q

Midstance forces

A

GRVF should pass anterior to the knee and posterior to the hip

causes knee and hip extension

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15
Q

Internal Forces

A

produced by sources within the body

muscle, connective tissues

these forces can produce joint movement, counteract external forces that act on the body

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16
Q

Knee buckling during stance

A

Ankle DF will move GRFV posterior to the knee, causing knee FLEXION

if the body doesn’t have sufficient enough muscle force to maintain knee extension, the knee will buckle

you will want a AFO that prevents ankle DF to keep GRFV anterior to the knee, keeping it extended

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17
Q

Tensile Forces

A

distracts or moves the surfaces apart

a dynamic progressive splint applies end-range tensile loads to trigger elongation and increase joint ROM

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18
Q

Compression

A

perpendicular force by the direction of force is towards one another

would be used for swelling

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19
Q

Shear

A

forces applied parallel to a surface to move one object along the surface of another

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20
Q

Friction

A

special type of shear force

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21
Q

Skin breakdown

A

can be caused by shear and friction forces

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22
Q

Bending Forces

A

applied to an object that results in equilibrium

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23
Q

Three point bending systems

A

a proximal and distal force applied in the same direction are countered by a third force applied in the opposite direction at a point inbetween

used to control unwanted motion

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24
Q

The force required _____ in a three point system as….

A

decreases as the point of application is moved further from the axis of movement

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25
Q

Central force

A

anteriorly directed force applied at the posterior knee

26
Q

4 Point Control System

A

force should not be applied directly over a bony prominence

alternative is a four point force system to distribute the counter-force on either side of the bony prominence

27
Q

Dynamic Devices

A

devices designed to generate forces that produce movement

determined by design, materials, alignment

28
Q

Functional Electrical Stimulation

A

alternative to a conventional orthosis
E-stim applied to nerve or muscles to improve function
can be used by itself or with an orthosis

29
Q

Orthosis to Limit, control, or prevent movement

A

use of materials or appliance designs that produce high levels or rigidity at unstable joints

rigid materials, increased thickness, and more surface area provide stability

30
Q

Heel lift will

A

move the GRF more posterior because the tibia tilts forward

31
Q

Stop

A

prevents motion in a particular direction but allows movement in the other direction at the joint

named for the direction it is stopping

32
Q

Lock

A

component that can be engaged to lock the joint in a selected position preventing all motion at the joint while its engaged

33
Q

Goals of prosthetics/orthotic devices

A

apply sufficient force to achieve effectiveness
-minimize pressure to insure comfort and safety
-devices should be designed to apply the least effective force

34
Q

To achieve the balance between effective control and comfort

A
  1. minimize the magnitude of the force requirements
  2. minimize friction and abnormal movements between device and the user
  3. minimize pressure between the device and user
35
Q

Minimize magnitude of force requirements

A

-done my maximizing the length of the moment arm
-increasing the length of lever arm allows for decreased force application

also longer residual limbs have greater leverage, helps to produce greater moment arm

36
Q

Minimize friction and abnormal movements between the device and user

A

Remember skin tolerance –> some areas handle forces better

congruence between the anatomical and mechanical joint reduces shear

perspiration increases the coefficient of friction of the skin

37
Q

Minimize Pressure

A

the amount of force per surface area = pressure

increasing surface area will decrease pressure

prosthetic sockets and orthoses are designed to spread force over a large area

38
Q

Loss of limb due to amputation

A

COM sifts away from the amputated limb

39
Q

Weight of orthotic or prosthetic device

A

COM moves lower and toward the additional weight

40
Q

Psychosocial considerations of orthotics

A

body image
ability to resume normal activities
reduced motivation due to self image

41
Q

Orthotic Classifications

A
  1. method of manufacture
  2. biomechanical terminology
  3. types of materials or components
42
Q

Method of Manufacture

A

Custom Made
Prefabricated–off the shelf or over the counter

43
Q

Custom Made orthoses

A

manufactured and fit by an orthotist for a specific individual

44
Q

Prefabricated orthoses

A

mass produced for the general population

off the shelf or over the counter

45
Q

off the shelf

A

provided to pt by a practitioner, with custom fit

46
Q

Over the coutner

A

without individual fitting, can purchase from a pharmacy or store

47
Q

Biomechanical naming by joint or body region

A

named proximal to distal
includes the name of major joints that are enclosed within the orthosis

48
Q

Biomechanical naming by type of control exerted by orthosis

A

Free
Assist
Resist
Stop
Hold
Lock

49
Q

Free

A

no control is exerted and the joint is free to move in a designated plane

50
Q

Assist

A

assists the motion by applying an external force to increase range, velocity, or force of a desire motion

51
Q

Resist

A

resist unwanted motion by applying force to decrease the velocity or force of an undesirable movement

52
Q

Hold

A

controls and eliminates all motion at a joint in all planes

53
Q

Naming by materials and components used in fabrication

A

Conventional
Molded
Hybrid

54
Q

Conventional Orthosis

A

made primarily from metal components and leather

55
Q

Molded Orthosis

A

made from thermoplastics and composite materials. manufactured over custom mold of client. no moving parts. plastic one piece shell. total contact

56
Q

Hybrid orthosis

A

hinged or articulated and uses a combination of conventional and molded compenetry

57
Q

Stiffness

A

amount of bending or compression that occurs when a material is loaded

increased stiffness means it is less flexible

58
Q

Density

A

material’s weight per unit volume
prime determinant of energy cost during functional activity

59
Q

Thickness

A

increasing thickness of material means increased rigidity. Also increases weight and bulk of the device

60
Q

Strength

A

determined by max load that a material can sustain or support

6 Prosthetics & Orthotics (11 decks)

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