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Blood🩸 > L1 IDA & ACD (patho) > Flashcards

L1 IDA & ACD (patho) Flashcards

1
Q

Iron binds to shnu that stores it until it’s needed by the body?

A

Ferritin

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2
Q

What transports iron around the body?

A

Transferrin

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Il note says Blood loss

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4
Q

Differentiate between the 2 types of iron

  1. Absorbtion
  2. Sources
  3. Their forms
  4. Bind to?
A
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5
Q

Which bacteria can cause iron deficiency anemia and how?

A

heliobacter pylori

By stealing the iron and cause gi ulcers/bleeding

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6
Q

What do you call RBC’s that come out in different shapes?

A

Poikilocytosis

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7
Q

What do you call RBC’s that come out in different sizes?

A

Anisocytosis

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8
Q

Anemia= low…

A

Low Hb, Low RBC count, Low hematocrit

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9
Q

Shnu hematocrit?

A

% blood volume
(Hematocrit is a test that measures how much of your blood is made up of red blood cells, compared to the liquid plasma)

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10
Q

Why can anemia cause organ dysfunction?

A

Bc of lack of tissue oxygenation

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11
Q

Clinical consequences of anemia depends on?

A
  1. Age of the patient
  2. The rapidity of which the anemia develops (the faster the Hb drops, the quicker the patients presents symptoms of anemia)
  3. Hb level
  4. Compensatory mechanisms of the body (heart, lungs and kidneys )
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12
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

A hormone that the kidney makes that stimulate RBC production

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13
Q

T or F?

The liver produces erythropoietin

A

False

The kidney

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14
Q

How does the kidney play a part during hypoxia in the tissues?

A

It produces erythropoietin

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15
Q

Erythropoietin mechanism for regulating the rate of erythropoiesis?

A
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16
Q

Decreased production of RBC’s causes which anemias?

A

Nutritional deficiency anemias - Iron, B12, Folate

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17
Q

Increased destruction of RBC’s cause which anemia?

A

Hemolytic anemia

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18
Q

Causes of anemia?

A

1) Blood loss anemia
2) decreased production
3) increased destruction

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19
Q

What are the things that can lead to a decreased production of red blood cells?

A

Marrow disease (e.g. leukemia, myeloma) , malignancies, radiation

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20
Q

Requirements for Red Blood Cell Production?

A
  1. Erythropoietin
  2. AA, required for globin synthesis
  3. Iron
  4. Vit B12 & folic acid
  5. Vit B6
  6. Vit C
  7. Thyroid hormones, estrogens, androgens
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21
Q

Shlon shakl normocytic anemia?

A

Normal color and shape, however, low in volume

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22
Q

Nutritional anemias based on sizes?

A
  1. Microcytic (MCV < 80)
  2. Normocytic (MCV 80-100)
  3. Macrocytic (MCV > 100)
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23
Q

Deficiencies in what causes microcytic anemia?

A
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24
Q

Deficiencies in what causes normocytic anemia?

A
25
Q

Deficiencies in what causes macrocytic anemia?

A
26
Q

IDA is The commonest type of anemia worldwide, why is iron so important for the blood?

A

Iron is important for heme synthesis in hemoglobin molecules in red cells

27
Q

T or F?

Non-heme iron contains more iron in its sources than heme iron

A

False

Veggies contain abt 2-11 mg of iron per 100, while meat in heme iron contains arnd 20

28
Q

The majority of iron is found in _______ then _______ then __________

(In other words, major storage sites of RBCs)

A

The majority of iron is found in RBC’s then liver then the reticuloendothelial system

29
Q

RBCs lifetime range

A

120 days

30
Q

Iron absorption site?

A

Duodenum (duodenal cells)
Jujenum

31
Q

T or F

The human ingests about 10-20 mg of iron per day from food, and all 10-20 mg of it is absorbed

A

False

Only 1-2 mg is absorbed

32
Q

Ways iron is lost from the body?

A
33
Q

Function of hepcidin?

A

Regulates iron absorption and its distribution
(high iron stores → hepcidin produced to stop iron absorption and recycling)

34
Q

What produces hepcidin and when does it do that?

A

The liver produces hepcidin when there are high amnts of iron stores in the body

35
Q

Hepcidin regulates iron via the iron exporter __________ which is found on the __________

A

Hepcidin regulates iron via the iron exporter ferroportin which is found on the enterocytes

36
Q

⬆️ Iron = ___ Hepcidin

A

⬆️ Iron = ⬆️ Hepcidin

37
Q

Describe the process of iron regulation in the body
(Hepcidin, ferroportin)

A
38
Q

How does inflammation decrease iron absorption?

A

Because it activates Hepcidin

39
Q

Things that stimulate hepcidin, and things that dont

A
40
Q

T or F

Inflammation plays no part in iron absorption

A

False

It plays a huge part since it stimulates hepcidin production

41
Q

Causes of IDA

  1. Inadequate intake
  2. Blood loss
  3. Impaired absorption
  4. Increased iron requirements

3a6ai examples of each

A

1. Inadequate intake
- low iron intake

2. Blood loss
- In GI tract (mostly due to colon cancer and bm tumors)
- In GU tract (stones)
- Bleeding disorders

3. Impaired absorption
- Gasatric surgery
- intestinal malabsorption
- celiac disease (inflammation, destruction of duodenal cells)

4. Increased iron requirements
- pregnancy and lactation

42
Q

Symptoms of IDA

A

• Tiredness (fatigue)
• Dyspnea on exertion
↳ The patient says he didn’t experience this before, i.e. he used to take 2/3 flights of stairs, now he gets tired by 1 flight
• Headaches
• Palpitations

43
Q

Why do ppl with IDA experience palpitations?

A

The body is trying to compensate for low, hemoglobin and oxygen

44
Q

Clinical features of iron deficiency anemia?

A
  1. Brittle nails
  2. Angular stomatitis (that stuff arnd the lips)
  3. Pica (tshtheen weird stuff)
  4. koilonychia (flattened nails)
  5. Glossitis
  6. Platonychia (nafs 4)
  7. Pallor
45
Q

Diagnosis of IDA

A
46
Q

Oral therapy of IDA is usually

A

Ferrous sulfate

47
Q

Never give blood transfusions to patients with IDA UNLESS…

A

The heart is compromised

48
Q

“Some chronic diseases can be the cause of IDA”
How?

A
49
Q

Patients with diabetes/chronic renal failure presents with anemia, what is the cause?

A

⬇️ erythropoietin production

Keyword: diabetes/chronic renal failure

50
Q

Anemia of chronic disease develops in response to
___________ or _________

A

Anemia of chronic disease develops in response to
systemic illness or inflammation

51
Q

Anemia of chronic disease is the commonest cause of anemia among patients with?

A

chronic illness/ diseases.

52
Q

Shkthr il reduction of Hb in ACD?

A

Patients typically present with mild (> 100 g/L) or
moderate (85–100 g/L) reduction in hemoglobin
concentration.

53
Q

Pathophysiology of ACD?

(Il cytokine w dorhom ib the cause of ACD)

A
54
Q

Serum hepcidin test results difference between IDA & ACD

A

It is raised in ACD, yet low in IDA

bc of inflammation

55
Q

Ferritin test results difference between IDA & ACD

(Most imp test)

A

Low in IDA, yet normal/high in ACD

56
Q

The best laboratory indicator of body iron stores is the ________ level

A

The best laboratory indicator of body iron stores is the serum ferritin level

57
Q

Shlon ferritin y6la3 high ib ACD?

A

Inflammation ygazrha 3laich, yrafi3 il ferritin fa 7sbalich 3ndich wayed iron stores bas you dont

58
Q

Management of ACD

A

Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs)

Blood🩸 (7 decks)

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