L1-Host-Parasite Relationship Flashcards
1
Q
examples of parasites who live IN the host
A
- Entamoeba coli
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Giardia lamblia
2
Q
Entamoeba histolytica
A
Amoeba dysentery
3
Q
Virulence is measured by
A
Lethal dose/LD50
number of organisms/micrograms of toxins required to kill at least 50%
4
Q
For infection ot occur…
A
colonization of organisms is present
5
Q
signs and symptoms of frank and overt illness
A
Infectious disease
6
Q
tachypnea
A
greater than 20 bpm
7
Q
ability of organism to spread by modification of various products
in term sof enzymes, hylaluronidases
A
Invasiveness
8
Q
normal flora; seen in skin normally
A
Staphylococcus aureus
9
Q
cause pyogenic infections (bleeds, pus, etc. in lungs and kidneys)
A
Hospital acquired infections
10
Q
Success of parasitic infection when
A
- establishes in host
- not eliminated by host defense system
11
Q
most successful human host-parasite relationship
A
microbial flora
12
Q
dysfunction of IS leads to
A
permissive environment of infection
unchecked activation (harms host)
13
Q
hypofunction:
hyperfunction:
A
infection; damage to host and death
14
Q
Allergy is an example of
A
hyperfunction
15
Q
TRUE OF FALSE: All interactions between host and parasite result in injury and pathology
A
FALSE
16
Q
Interactions between host and parasite leads to
A
- parasite fails to establish host
- becomes established but host eliminates
- becomes establish, host overcomes infection but not successful
- becomes established, host tries toe lininate but damages itself
- becomes establish and kills host
17
Q
lining of skin
A
stratified squamous epithelium
keratinized
18
Q
lining of respiratory tract
A
pseudostratified columnar ciliated
19
Q
essential factors needed for infection to occur
A
- entry of parasite
- number and virulence
- establishment and multiplication
- factors required (continued existence)
20
Q
POE: Protozoa, amoeba, nematodes
A
MOUTH
21
Q
POE: Toxoplasma gondii
A
PLACENTA
Torch infection
22
Q
POE: Treponema pallidum
A
GENITOURINARY TRACT
23
Q
organotropism: Organisms are highly selective in their choices of tissue infection BECAUSE
A
- metabolic requirements of organism
- protective characteristic
- availability of essential receptor sites (presence of ligands where they attach to receptors)
24
Q
POExit: Infectious Mononucleosis of Epstein-Barr Virus
A
SALIVA
25
POExit: Schistosoma haematobium
URINE
26
MOT: Plasmodium spp
Insect bites
27
infections where there is a presence of signs and symptoms
OVERT INFECTIONS
28
SUBCLINICAL
do not cause any signs and symptoms
29
organisms that can be recovered (px is carrier)
DORMANT
30
Efficiency of transmission depends on
source, inoculum. means of survival, susceptible host
31
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Communicable and Non Commmunicable
32
4 STEPS IN HOST PARASITE INTERACTIONS
1. Encounter and Entry
2. Colonization and Entry
3. Invasion and Dissemination (encounter inflammatory and IS response)
4. Outcome (leave, destroy remain latent)
33
INFECTIOUS-DISEASE STAGES
1. Incubation
2. Prodromal
3. Clinical
4. Stage of decline
5. Convalescent stage or death
34
period between the infection and the evidence of signs and symptoms
INCUBATION STAGE
35
Outcomes in CONVALESCENCE STAGE
1. restoration w/ complete health
2. health w/ residual
3. survival w/ compromised
4. death
36
system that also affects immunity
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
37
Both acquired and innate immune defenses rely on
humoral (antibodies) and cell-mediated action
38
body detects and eliminates pathogens through
NONSPECIFIC MECHANISMS
39
Recognize specific molecules that are non-native to body
TLRS
| toll-like receptos
40
binding of specific ligand to TLR causes
cascade of reaction down a common signaling pathway prdocuing cytokines
41
* inflammatory response proteins
* activate natural killer cells and macrophages
* increase number of phagocytic cells
Cytokines
| e.g Interferon gamma and Interleukin-1
42
mucous membrane lining
stratified squamous nonkeratinized
43
most pathogenic organisms are not capable of peentrating intact epithelial surfaces except
filariform larvae
44
____ cells excrete mucin
goblet cells
45
acute diarrhea overnight can be
virus or toxin
46
too much sugar in the intestinal tract causes
OSMOTIC DIARRHEA
47
DESTROYS THE CELL WALLS OF MANY GRAM (+)
LYSOZYME
| (neuraminidase/muramidase)
48
found in human milk;has activity against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia
Lipase
49
has antiviral effects
Bile
50
MICROBIAL INTERFERENCE
| antagonism
competing of essential nutrients; production of inhibitory substances
51
essential component of inflammation (which causes the production of cytokines)
phagocytosis
52
INFLAMMATION protects the host by
* promoting phagocytosis
* localizing infection
* producing exudates (pus)
53
four signs of inflammation
tumor > swell > dolor > pain; calor > heat; rubor> redness
54
parasitic antigens are processed and presented to
CD4 T-helper lymphocytes
55
Two types of immuniy are activated
| depending on what type of susbtance the antigen was presented to
CELL-MEDIATED
HUMORAL-MEDIATED
56
CD4 T-HELPER (TH1); parasite specific antigen
cell-mediated
57
CD4 T-HELPER CELLS (TH2) producing interkeukins 4,5,6
HUMORAL MEDIATED
58
plasma cells are responsible for
Immunoglobulin production
59
another immune response within the body capable of destroying pathogen
complement
60
immunocompromised hosts are prone to
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
61
WHEN WILL THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN STABILIZE?
10 YEARS OF AGE
62
Gastric ulcers
risk of Helicopacter pyloric infection
63
Diabetes mellitus
Inc blood sugar levels; impairs phagocytosis and decrease inflammatory response
64
example of cytotoxic drug which reduces the production of folic acid
Methotrexate
65
true or false: antimicrobial agents are not specific
true
66
alcohol damages the ____ within the small intestines
simple columnar ciliated epithelium
67
In helminths; common responses are
Eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE
68
Immunologic response is also marked in visceral larval infections w/
Parastrongylus and Toxocara canis
69
Mediate the expulsion of adult gastrointestinal helminths
IgE
70
ADCC
Antibody-dependent cell mediatedcytoxicity (Schistosoma)
71
IgG and IgM
-prevent penetration of erythrocytes Plasmodium and Babesia (ineffective in gastro helminths)
-lysis of trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi
72
Protect against metacestodes and gastro infections
Secretory IgA
73
IgM and secretory IgA
-ADCC in G. Lamblia
-Cryptosporidium spp(self limited due to IgG and IgA-cleave)
74
Resulted in the deployment by parasite of Various mechanisms to avoid destructive effects of host immune system
Natural Selection and Adaptation
75
APOL1destroy nonhuman trypanosomes except
Trypanosoma brucei
76
Reduce immune function
Lower capacity of phagocytosis and defective antigen processing
77
In T. Brucei, trypomastigotes produce
Surface glycoproteins-impairs B and T lympho
78
Produces a suppressor factor and inhibit monocyte movement
Entamoeba histolytica
79
Down regulation of Th1 lymphocyte
Fasciola
80
Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia
W. Bancrofti & B. Malayi
81
Immunosuppression (production of immune complexes)
Trypanosoma cruzi
82
Examples exhibiting ANTIGENIC VARIATION
T. Brucei, G. Lamblia. P. Falciparum
83
Host mimicry examples
E. Granulosus (larval stage in hydatid; P group)
Schistosoma (integument)
84
Intracellular sequestration
T. Cruzi, Leishmania (amastigotes), T. Gondii, P. Falciparum
85
P fimbriae
E. Coli
86
H1N1
-foundin influenza virus
N: neuraminidase, H: agglutinin
87
Cell wall of S. Pyogenes (protecting against cell lysis)
M PROTEIN
88
Destroys phagocytic leukocytes (S. aureus)
LEUKOCIDIN
89
Triggers clotting of plasma; indicator of S. Aureus
Coagulase
90
Also called alpha toxin; depolymerizes host cell membrane
Lecithinase
91
Pyrogenic cytokines circulate and arrive in
Hypothamic endothelium
92
In fever, profuctionof prostaglandin E2 increases
AMP synthesis = elevated op-regulation of thermoregulatory set point=conservation and production = fever
93
Normal temp
36.5-37.5 degrees C
