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IS > L1-Host-Parasite Relationship > Flashcards

L1-Host-Parasite Relationship Flashcards

1
Q

examples of parasites who live IN the host

A
  • Entamoeba coli
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Giardia lamblia
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2
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Amoeba dysentery

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3
Q

Virulence is measured by

A

Lethal dose/LD50

number of organisms/micrograms of toxins required to kill at least 50%

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4
Q

For infection ot occur…

A

colonization of organisms is present

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5
Q

signs and symptoms of frank and overt illness

A

Infectious disease

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6
Q

tachypnea

A

greater than 20 bpm

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7
Q

ability of organism to spread by modification of various products

in term sof enzymes, hylaluronidases

A

Invasiveness

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8
Q

normal flora; seen in skin normally

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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9
Q

cause pyogenic infections (bleeds, pus, etc. in lungs and kidneys)

A

Hospital acquired infections

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10
Q

Success of parasitic infection when

A
  • establishes in host
  • not eliminated by host defense system
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11
Q

most successful human host-parasite relationship

A

microbial flora

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12
Q

dysfunction of IS leads to

A

permissive environment of infection
unchecked activation (harms host)

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13
Q

hypofunction:
hyperfunction:

A

infection; damage to host and death

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14
Q

Allergy is an example of

A

hyperfunction

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15
Q

TRUE OF FALSE: All interactions between host and parasite result in injury and pathology

A

FALSE

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16
Q

Interactions between host and parasite leads to

A
  1. parasite fails to establish host
  2. becomes established but host eliminates
  3. becomes establish, host overcomes infection but not successful
  4. becomes established, host tries toe lininate but damages itself
  5. becomes establish and kills host
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17
Q

lining of skin

A

stratified squamous epithelium

keratinized

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18
Q

lining of respiratory tract

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated

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19
Q

essential factors needed for infection to occur

A
  1. entry of parasite
  2. number and virulence
  3. establishment and multiplication
  4. factors required (continued existence)
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20
Q

POE: Protozoa, amoeba, nematodes

A

MOUTH

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21
Q

POE: Toxoplasma gondii

A

PLACENTA

Torch infection

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22
Q

POE: Treponema pallidum

A

GENITOURINARY TRACT

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23
Q

organotropism: Organisms are highly selective in their choices of tissue infection BECAUSE

A
  1. metabolic requirements of organism
  2. protective characteristic
  3. availability of essential receptor sites (presence of ligands where they attach to receptors)
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24
Q

POExit: Infectious Mononucleosis of Epstein-Barr Virus

A

SALIVA

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25
Q

POExit: Schistosoma haematobium

A

URINE

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26
Q

MOT: Plasmodium spp

A

Insect bites

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27
Q

infections where there is a presence of signs and symptoms

A

OVERT INFECTIONS

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28
Q

SUBCLINICAL

A

do not cause any signs and symptoms

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29
Q

organisms that can be recovered (px is carrier)

A

DORMANT

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30
Q

Efficiency of transmission depends on

A

source, inoculum. means of survival, susceptible host

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31
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE

A

Communicable and Non Commmunicable

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32
Q

4 STEPS IN HOST PARASITE INTERACTIONS

A
  1. Encounter and Entry
  2. Colonization and Entry
  3. Invasion and Dissemination (encounter inflammatory and IS response)
  4. Outcome (leave, destroy remain latent)
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33
Q

INFECTIOUS-DISEASE STAGES

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodromal
  3. Clinical
  4. Stage of decline
  5. Convalescent stage or death
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34
Q

period between the infection and the evidence of signs and symptoms

A

INCUBATION STAGE

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35
Q

Outcomes in CONVALESCENCE STAGE

A
  1. restoration w/ complete health
  2. health w/ residual
  3. survival w/ compromised
  4. death
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36
Q

system that also affects immunity

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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37
Q

Both acquired and innate immune defenses rely on

A

humoral (antibodies) and cell-mediated action

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38
Q

body detects and eliminates pathogens through

A

NONSPECIFIC MECHANISMS

39
Q

Recognize specific molecules that are non-native to body

A

TLRS

toll-like receptos

40
Q

binding of specific ligand to TLR causes

A

cascade of reaction down a common signaling pathway prdocuing cytokines

41
Q
  • inflammatory response proteins
  • activate natural killer cells and macrophages
  • increase number of phagocytic cells
A

Cytokines

e.g Interferon gamma and Interleukin-1

42
Q

mucous membrane lining

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized

43
Q

most pathogenic organisms are not capable of peentrating intact epithelial surfaces except

A

filariform larvae

44
Q

____ cells excrete mucin

A

goblet cells

45
Q

acute diarrhea overnight can be

A

virus or toxin

46
Q

too much sugar in the intestinal tract causes

A

OSMOTIC DIARRHEA

47
Q

DESTROYS THE CELL WALLS OF MANY GRAM (+)

A

LYSOZYME

(neuraminidase/muramidase)

48
Q

found in human milk;has activity against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia

A

Lipase

49
Q

has antiviral effects

A

Bile

50
Q

MICROBIAL INTERFERENCE

antagonism

A

competing of essential nutrients; production of inhibitory substances

51
Q

essential component of inflammation (which causes the production of cytokines)

A

phagocytosis

52
Q

INFLAMMATION protects the host by

A
  • promoting phagocytosis
  • localizing infection
  • producing exudates (pus)
53
Q

four signs of inflammation

A

tumor > swell > dolor > pain; calor > heat; rubor> redness

54
Q

parasitic antigens are processed and presented to

A

CD4 T-helper lymphocytes

55
Q

Two types of immuniy are activated

depending on what type of susbtance the antigen was presented to

A

CELL-MEDIATED
HUMORAL-MEDIATED

56
Q

CD4 T-HELPER (TH1); parasite specific antigen

A

cell-mediated

57
Q

CD4 T-HELPER CELLS (TH2) producing interkeukins 4,5,6

A

HUMORAL MEDIATED

58
Q

plasma cells are responsible for

A

Immunoglobulin production

59
Q

another immune response within the body capable of destroying pathogen

A

complement

60
Q

immunocompromised hosts are prone to

A

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS

61
Q

WHEN WILL THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN STABILIZE?

A

10 YEARS OF AGE

62
Q

Gastric ulcers

A

risk of Helicopacter pyloric infection

63
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Inc blood sugar levels; impairs phagocytosis and decrease inflammatory response

64
Q

example of cytotoxic drug which reduces the production of folic acid

A

Methotrexate

65
Q

true or false: antimicrobial agents are not specific

A

true

66
Q

alcohol damages the ____ within the small intestines

A

simple columnar ciliated epithelium

67
Q

In helminths; common responses are

A

Eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE

68
Q

Immunologic response is also marked in visceral larval infections w/

A

Parastrongylus and Toxocara canis

69
Q

Mediate the expulsion of adult gastrointestinal helminths

A

IgE

70
Q

ADCC

A

Antibody-dependent cell mediatedcytoxicity (Schistosoma)

71
Q

IgG and IgM

A

-prevent penetration of erythrocytes Plasmodium and Babesia (ineffective in gastro helminths)
-lysis of trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi

72
Q

Protect against metacestodes and gastro infections

A

Secretory IgA

73
Q

IgM and secretory IgA

A

-ADCC in G. Lamblia
-Cryptosporidium spp(self limited due to IgG and IgA-cleave)

74
Q

Resulted in the deployment by parasite of Various mechanisms to avoid destructive effects of host immune system

A

Natural Selection and Adaptation

75
Q

APOL1destroy nonhuman trypanosomes except

A

Trypanosoma brucei

76
Q

Reduce immune function

A

Lower capacity of phagocytosis and defective antigen processing

77
Q

In T. Brucei, trypomastigotes produce

A

Surface glycoproteins-impairs B and T lympho

78
Q

Produces a suppressor factor and inhibit monocyte movement

A

Entamoeba histolytica

79
Q

Down regulation of Th1 lymphocyte

A

Fasciola

80
Q

Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia

A

W. Bancrofti & B. Malayi

81
Q

Immunosuppression (production of immune complexes)

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

82
Q

Examples exhibiting ANTIGENIC VARIATION

A

T. Brucei, G. Lamblia. P. Falciparum

83
Q

Host mimicry examples

A

E. Granulosus (larval stage in hydatid; P group)
Schistosoma (integument)

84
Q

Intracellular sequestration

A

T. Cruzi, Leishmania (amastigotes), T. Gondii, P. Falciparum

85
Q

P fimbriae

A

E. Coli

86
Q

H1N1

A

-foundin influenza virus
N: neuraminidase, H: agglutinin

87
Q

Cell wall of S. Pyogenes (protecting against cell lysis)

A

M PROTEIN

88
Q

Destroys phagocytic leukocytes (S. aureus)

A

LEUKOCIDIN

89
Q

Triggers clotting of plasma; indicator of S. Aureus

A

Coagulase

90
Q

Also called alpha toxin; depolymerizes host cell membrane

A

Lecithinase

91
Q

Pyrogenic cytokines circulate and arrive in

A

Hypothamic endothelium

92
Q

In fever, profuctionof prostaglandin E2 increases

A

AMP synthesis = elevated op-regulation of thermoregulatory set point=conservation and production = fever

93
Q

Normal temp

A

36.5-37.5 degrees C

IS (2 decks)

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