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Disaster Risk Reduction > L1: Disaster Risk Concepts and Definitions > Flashcards

L1: Disaster Risk Concepts and Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Define a hazard

A

A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation

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2
Q

Define exposure

A

Situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas

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3
Q

Define vulnerability

A

Conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems, to the impacts of hazards

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4
Q

Define disaster risk

A

potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity

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5
Q

Define disaster

A

a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to: human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts

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6
Q

Define disaster risk reduction

A

aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable developement

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7
Q

Define resilience

A

ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the restoration and preservation of its essential basic structures and functions through risk management

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8
Q

What is the risk equation

A

Risk = hazard x exposure x vulnerability

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9
Q

How to reduce the hazard

A

engineering or structural measures, good environmental management practices

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10
Q

How to reduce the exposure

A

planning controls, early warning, evacuation

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11
Q

How to reduce vulnerability

A

increase resilience of building, infrastructure, community, economy

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12
Q

Classification of hazards - NATURAL

A 
NATURAL
Geological (earthquakes, tsunamis)
Biological (epidemics, infestation)
Hydrological (floods, droughts)
Atmospheric (cyclones, storms)
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13
Q

Classification of hazards - CONTEXT

A 
CONTEXT
Environmental degradation (deforestation, desertification)
Land pressure (urbanisation)
Climate change (sea level rise, extreme events)
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14
Q

Classification of hazards - MAN-MADE

A 
MAN-MADE
Transport accidents (air, road, rail, seas)
Hazardous materials (storage, transport)
Intentional (conflict, terrorism)
Industrial failures ( explosions, fires)
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15
Q

Hazard magnitude

A

amount of energy released, or size of event (richter scale/moment magnitude scale, volcanic explosivity index (VEI), saffir-simpson hurricane scale, beaufort wind scale)

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16
Q

Hazard intensity

A

effects of an event related to the presence of damageable assets or people in the area. when natural phenomena exceed certain intensity threshold it becomes a hazard

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17
Q

Hazard frequency

A

can be expressed in terms of magnitude and frequency. curves extrapolated to represent low-probability, high-magnitude events

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18
Q

Human and social DIRECT IMPACTS

A

fatality, injury, loss of home and property, loss of income or livelihood

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19
Q

Human and social INDIRECT IMPACTS

A

disease, food scarcity, disability, displacement, unemployment, civil and political unrest

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20
Q

Physical DIRECT IMPACTS

A

structural damage or destruction, non-structural damage and damage/loss of contents

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21
Q

Physical INDIRECT IMPACTS

A

deterioration of damaged buildings and infrastructure

22
Q

Economic DIRECT IMPACTS

A

capital costs, interruption of business due to loss of workforce and economic infrastructure

23
Q

Economic INDIRECT IMPACTS

A

loss of markets and investments, insurance losses, disruption to economic growth

24
Q

Environmental and cultural DIRECT IMPACTS

A

damage to ecological zones, sedimentation and pollution, damage to cultural heritage

25
Q

Enviromental and cultural INDIRECT IMPACTS

A

enviromental degradation, loss of biodiversity, loss of cultural diversity

26
Q

For infrastructure: RESISTANCE

A

inherent strength, protection, ability to resist stress

27
Q

For infrastructure: REDUNDANCY

A

system capacity providing alternative options or substitutions to allow continued functioning when some elements fail

28
Q

For infrastructure: RELIABILITY

A

ability to operate under a range of conditions, frequency with which hazard protection devices fail

29
Q

For infrastrucure: RESPONSE AND RECOVERY

A

speed with which disruption is overcome and functionality/service restored

30
Q

Characteristics of resilient communities

A

good health, knowledge and education, reliable services and robust infrastructure, diverse livelihood opportunities, healthy ecosystems, ability to organise and make decisions, access to external assistance

31
Q

3 main sources of global disaster data

A
  1. the EM-DAT database
  2. reinsurance company data
  3. the DesInventar system
32
Q

Why do you have to be cautious when analysis disaster data?

A
  • most countries don’t systematically collect data
  • small events often neglected
  • most disasters are compound events, creating problems with classification
  • only direct tangible impacts recorded (deaths and losses)
  • no internationally agreed criteria on what constitutes a disaster
  • vested interests and socio-political influences may affect figures reported
33
Q

Where is data for the EM-DAT sourced?

A

UN agencies, governments, NGOs, insurance companies, research institutes, press agencies

34
Q

EM-DAT criteria for risk

A 
at least one of:
10+ killed
100+ affected
Declaration of a state of emergency
Call for international assistance
35
Q

Example of reinsurance company data

A

Munich reinsurance company:
-NatCat SERVICE: catalogue of natural hazards and losses since 1980
-World Map of Natural Hazards on NATHAN (Natural Hazards Assessment Network)
Swiss reinsurance company:
-Sigma

36
Q

Difference between EM-DAT and reinsurance comapny data

A

reinsurance company data has higher thresholds for inclusion than EM-DAT and more emphasis on economic losses

37
Q

Reinsurance bias: hazard

A

assumed every hazard is reported:

-selective reporting may occur depending on priorities of agencies collecting data

38
Q

Reinsurance bias: temporal

A

assumed losses are comparable over time:

-recording processes may change

39
Q

Reinsurance bias: threshold

A

assumed all losses are counted:

-criteria for inclusion in databases means that many smaller events are filtered out

40
Q

Reinsurance bias: accounting

A

assumed all types of losses are counted:

-highly variable and depends on collecting agency interests/ease of data collection

41
Q

Reinsurance bias: geographic

A

assumed losses are comparable within and across different geographic areas:
-political and administrative boundaries change; geographical units are not uniform internally

42
Q

Reinsurance bias: systematic

A

assumed losses are computed uniformly:

-economy may or may not be inflation-adjusted; agencies may select upper, lower or mean estimates

43
Q

Define ‘everyday disasters’

A

small, local events triggered by natural hazards that do not usually require external humanitarian assistance - cumulative impact may be greater than that of less numerous official ‘disasters’

44
Q

Who adopts the DesInventar system?

A
  • UNDP asia-pacific regional centre

- UNISDR sendai framework for DRR

45
Q

What does UNISDR stand for?

A

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

46
Q

What is the Global Assessment Report (GAR)?

A

biennial global assessment of DRR and analysis of natural hazards affecting humanity. Uses EM-DAT and DesInventar data to calculate Disaster Risk Index

47
Q

What is the Global Platform?

A

main global forum for strategy, coordination and review of progress on international DRR policies

48
Q

What is the Natural Disaster Hotspots Report?

A

-developed by TH
he World Bank and Columbia University (2004)
-6 hazards represented in terms of hazardousness
-exposure and vulnerability derived from EM-DAT data

49
Q

What is the World Risk Index (WRI)?

A
  • developed in 2011-16 by Institute for Environment and Human Security of the United Nations University
  • relates vulnerability to susceptibility and capacity
50
Q

Comparisons and limitations of global disaster risk assessments

A
  • inclusion of hazards and methods used for quantifying hazards varies
  • vulnerability parameters different
  • DRI and WRI at national scales, hotspots sub-national
  • all assume hazards act separately, instead of interacting
51
Q

Why does disaster risk seem to be increasing?

A 
INCREASE IN REPORTING
-official databases
-wider media reach
-more open societies
-social media and remote sensing
INCREASE IN HAZARDS
-human-induced
-climate change
INCREASE IN EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY
-urbanisation
-unplanned development
-sustainability issues

Disaster Risk Reduction (6 decks)

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