L1 Acids, Bases, Buffers Pathologies

Question 1

Dehydration

Answer 1

-Negative water balance, water loss > water intake
Causes: -profuse sweating -prolonged diarrhea -severe burns -impared kidney function -inadequate water intake -impaired GI reabsorption -Osmotic diuresis
Symptoms: -cotton motuh -dry, flushed skin -mental confusion -fever

Question 2

Hypotonic Hydration/Overhydration

Answer 2

-water intake > water loss
Causes: -drink too much water -Increaseed water retention -decreased water excretion (renal insufficiency)
Symptoms: -hyponatremia -nausea/vomitting -cerebral edema -convulsions -coma -death

Question 3

Edema

Answer 3

-Excessibe accumullation of fluid in interstitial space
Causes: -increase in flow of fluids out of blood stream -increase in fluid return
Exacerbated by: -HTN -CHF -Decreased blood osmotic pressure -Severely impaired circulation

Question 4

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 4

Causes: -DKA -Renal disease (proton retention) -Lactic acidosis -Certain drug OD/poisoning
Body Reaction: High H+ production causes HCO3- to be used up to make carbonic acid -> CO2. Body tries to get rid of CO2 through hyperventilation.
Labs: -High [H+] -Low pH -Low[pCO2] -Low[HCO3-]

Question 5

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 5

Causes: -Hyperventilation -Raised ICP -Hypoxia
Body Reaction: Low CO2 levels from hyperventilation drive carbonic anhydrase reaction to use up bicarb to produce CO2
Labs: -Low [H+] -High pH -Low[pCO2] -Low[HCO3-]

Question 6

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 6

Causes: -Choking -Bronchopneumonia - Asthma attack -COPD
Body Reaction: High CO2 levels in body drive carbonic anhydrase reaction to use CO2 to make bicarb.
Labs: -High [H+] -Low pH -High[pCO2] -High[HCO3-]

Question 7

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 7

Causes: -Prolonged vomiting -K+ deficiency
Body Reaction: High [H+] in body causes carbonic anhydrase to produce CO2 from bicarb. Body tries to hyperventilate to get rid of CO2.
Labs: -Low [H+] -High pH -High[pCO2] -High[HCO3-]