L1

Question 1

disorders cause dangerous increase in the volume of intracranial contents

Answer 1

1. Generalized cerebral edema
2. Hydrocephalus
3. Hemorrhages
4. Ischemia
5. Tumors

Question 2

accumulation of
excess fluid within the brain parenchyma.

Answer 2

Cerebral edema

Question 3

two types of cerebral edema

Answer 3

• Vasogenic edema
• Cytotoxic edema

Question 4

integrity of the normal blood- brain barrier is disrupted

fluid to shift from the vascular compartment into the extracellular spaces of the brain.

Answer 4

Vasogenic Edema

Can be localised or generalized

Question 5

is an increase in intracellular fluid secondary to neuronal and glial cell injury.

• It follow generalized hypoxic- ischemic insult or after exposure to some toxins.

Answer 5

Cytotoxic edema

Question 6

CSF flows through the……………………. and
……………………into the subarachnoid space, where it is
absorbed by arachnoid granulations.

Answer 6

foramina of Luschka

Magendie

Question 7

to an increase in the volume of
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular system most often is a consequence of

• Impaired flow
• Decreased resorption of CSF

Answer 7

Hydrocephalus

Question 8

Patterns of Hydrocephalus

Answer 8

• Non communicating Hydrocephalus
• Communicating Hydrocephalus.

Question 9

• A localized obstacle to CSF flow within the
ventricular system causes enlargement of a portion
of the ventricles.

Answer 9

Non communicating Hydrocephalus

Question 10

Most common is cause of Non communicating Hydrocephalus

Answer 10

masses obstructing

the foramen of Monro or compressing the cerebral aqueduct.

Question 11

• The entire ventricular system is enlarged

Answer 11

Communicating Hydrocephalus

Question 12

Common cause Communicating Hydrocephalus

Answer 12

reduced CSF resorption.

Question 13

sunsetting of the eyes ventricular expansion and
increase intracranial pressure

Answer 13

Hydrocephalus

Question 14

compensatory increase in CSF volume
(……………………………….) may occur secondary to a loss of brain volume from any underlying cause (e.g., infarction, neurodegenerative disease).

Answer 14

hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Atrophy of parenchyma

Question 15

displacement of brain tissue from one compartment to another in response to increased intracranial pressure.

Answer 15

Herniation

Question 16

There are three main herniation

Answer 16

• Subfalcine (cingulate)

• Transtentorial (uncinate)

• Tonsillar

Question 17

unilateral or asymmetric
expansion of a cerebral hemisphere displaces the…………….. under the edge
of falx.

• associated with compression of the anterior cerebral artery.

Answer 17

cingulate gyrus

Subfalcine (cingulate) herniation

Question 18

medial aspect of the temporal lobe is compressed against the free margin of the tentorium.

Answer 18

Transtentorial (uncinate) Herniation

Question 19

temporal lobe is displaced, the third cranial nerve is compromised, resulting in pupillary dilation and impaired ocular movements on the side of the lesion (“blown pupil”). On the affected side , which possibly diagnosis ?

Answer 19

(uncinate) Herniation

Question 20

Which artery is compressed in Transtentorial ( uncinate ) herniation ?

Answer 20

posterior cerebral artery which affect primary visual cortex

Question 21

Blown pupil due to

Answer 21

Oculomotor palsy in uncinate herniation

Question 22

displacement of the cerebellar
tonsils through the foramen magnum.

life-threatening,it causes brain stem compression and compromises vital respiratory and cardiac centers in the medulla.

Answer 22

Tonsillar herniation

Question 23

If amount of displaced temporal lobe is large enough, the pressure on the midbrain can compress the (……………………)cerebral peduncle against the tentorium, resulting in
(……………………..) (………………………… )to the side of the herniation .

Answer 23

contralateral

hemiparesis

ipsilateral

Question 24

compression of peduncle causes deformation called

Answer 24

Kernohan’s notch

Question 25

Progression of transtentorial herniation is often accompanied by linear or flame- shaped hemorrhages in the midbrain and pons, termed ………..

Answer 25

Duret hemorrhages