L08 Singh The Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three divisions of the amygdala

A
  1. basolateral
  2. corticomedial
  3. central nucleus
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2
Q

What is the function of the basolateral division of the amygdala?

A

EMOTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE. Connects to the cortical association areas (via the dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus); involved in attaching emotional significance to a stimulus. Lesion might result in a dead-pan affect (eg nothing affects them).

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3
Q

What is the function of the corticomedial division of the amygdala?

A

ENDOCRINE. Connects to VMN of hypothalamus (via stria terminalis); involved in appetite behavior.

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4
Q

What is the function of the central nucleus of the amygdala?

A

AUTONOMICS. Connects to brainstem and autonomic centers in hypothalamus; regulates visceral and cardiovascular function.

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5
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the limbic system?

A

HOME: Homeostasis, olfaction, memory, emotion.

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6
Q

Name the 4 main limbic association cortices

A
  1. cingulate gyrus
  2. parahippocampal gyrus
  3. medial orbitofrontal gyri
  4. gyri of the temporal pole
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7
Q

Name the major structures of the limbic system.

A
  1. limbic association cortex & cingulum
  2. hippocampus & fornix
  3. amygdala & stria terminalis.
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8
Q

Name 3 areas of the limbic system that receive input from the olfactory system (ie the olfactory projection area).

A
  1. priform cortex
  2. entorhinal cortex
  3. amygdala
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9
Q

Outline the pathway associated with the conscious discrimination of odors

A

Piriform cortex –> thalamus –> frontal lobe

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10
Q

The olfactory bulb/nerve send fibers to the olfactory cortex via the _____.

A

Lateral olfactory stria

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11
Q

What cortical area is related to memories associated with odors?

A

Entorhinal cortex (which is associated with the hippocampus)

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12
Q

What are the three effector systems of emotion?

A
  1. Somatic (ie behavioral signs)
  2. Endocrine (eg VMN of hypothalamus –> arcuate nucleus, activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis)
  3. Autonomic (primarily sympathetic): central amygdaloid nucleus –> dorsal motor nucleus of vagus via amygdalofugal pathway. Also regulated by hypothalamus.
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13
Q

Which corticolimbic structure is responsible for dilation of pupils, salivation, arousal etc?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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14
Q

Which structure did Phineas Gage damage that impeded his ability to check inappropriate behaviors?

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

Which structure coordinates peripheral expression of emotional states?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

Outline the Papez circuit.

A
17
Q

What changes did Mclean make to the Papez circuit?

A

He added that the hippocampus communicates with the amygdala, which then also communicates with the mamillary bodies via the stria terminalis.

18
Q

What fibers carry connections from the amygdala to cortical association areas?

A

The uncinate fasciculus

19
Q

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus receives olfactory information that alters appetite?

A

Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) - fibers from corticomedial nucleus of amygdala

20
Q

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus influences endocrine responses to fearful and/or stressful responses?

A

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

21
Q

What general functions are the ventral amygdalofugal pathway from amygdala to forebrain involved with?

A

Cognition, motivation

22
Q

What general functions are the ventral amygdalofugal pathway from amygdala to hypothalamus involved with?

A

Homeostasis, behavioral arousal.

23
Q

What general functions are the ventral amygdalofugal pathway from amygdala to brainstem involved with?

A

Autonomics (connects periaqueductal grey, CN X nucleus, reticular formation, and parabrachial nucleus)

24
Q

The medial forebrain bundle is a large nerve bundle that connects ________, _________, and ________.

A

Amygdala, hypothalamus, and brainstem.

25
Q

Bilateral amygdalar lesions result in _________, which is characterized by ________.

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome; “tameness”, psychic blindness (failure to place emotional context), loss of sexual inhibition.

26
Q

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala can lead to _______.

A

Feelings of fear; deja vu; olfactory hallucinations.

27
Q

Temporal lobe seizures that affect the limbic system can show the following symptoms:

A

“Dreamy state”; olfactory/auditory hallucinations; acute memory loss.

28
Q

Uncinate seizures lead to:

A

“Dreamy state”; feelings of deja vu.