DSA14 Forster Arousal Sleep Attn

Question 1

What nuclei comprise the midbrain reticular formation (MRF)?

Answer 1

Pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

Question 2

What three regions of thalamus does the MRF project to?

Answer 2

1) intralaminar nuclei, 2) relay nuclei, and 3) the thalamic reticular nucleus (NR)

Question 3

Outline the indirect cholinergic arousal system, including when it is active.

Answer 3

Question 4

Outline the 3 components of the direct aminergic arousal system, including when they are active.

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the 2 components of the non-aminergic arousal systems? What neurotransmitters do they use?

Answer 5

Nucleus basalis (acetylcholine) and lateral hypothalamic neurons (orexins).

Question 6

What neurons are involved in teh enabling circuit? What neurotransmitters do they use?

Answer 6

Lateral hypothalamic neurons (orexins)

Question 7

Which nucleus serves to inhibit the indirect (cholinergic) and direct (aminergic) arousal systems?

Answer 7

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)

Question 8

What neurons drive the slow wave activity in NREM sleep?

Answer 8

Thalamic reticular nucleus (NR) neurons

Question 9

Which subnucleus of the VLPO is involved with onset/offset of NREM sleep? Which nucleus/nuclei does it interact with?

Answer 9

The cluster (core) subnucleus interacts with the tuberomammilary nucleus to initiate non-REM sleep.

Question 10

Which subnucleus of the VLPO is involved with onset of REM sleep? Which nucleus/nuclei does it interact with?

Answer 10

The extended subnucleus interacts with 4 nuclei (locus coeruleus, Raphe nuclei, pedunculopontine nucleus, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus) to initiate REM sleep.

Question 11

The VLPO uses additional descending fibers to mediate loss of muscle tone. What neurotransmitter do these fibers use?

Answer 11

Glutamate

Question 12

Lesioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus would lead to what changes in sleep?

Answer 12

Abolition of circadian cycles and REM cycle.

Question 13

What do you call cues that entrain rhythms via the retinal-supraachiasmatic pathway?

Answer 13

Zeitgebers

Question 14

What are the S/Sx associated with narcolepsy?

Answer 14

Falling asleep at innapropriate times; cataplexy; sleep paralysis; hypnogogic or hypnopompic hallucinations. Associated with impaired function of orexin.

Question 15

Which cortical area is responsible for intentional focusing?

Answer 15

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 16

Which cortical area is responsible for reactive focusing?

Answer 16

Parietal polymodal association cortex