L08: Cells: Organization & Structure/Fuction of Organelles Flashcards
What are the three parts of the cell theory? When was this theory crafted?
During the 1800s biologists crafted the Cell Theory:
- all biota are organized into cells
- cells are fundamental structural/functional units of all life
- new cells come from pre-existing cells
What do all cells possess?
- a plasma membrane
- Genetic material ex: chromosome(s) (DNA)
- ribosomes
- an aqueous cytosol.
Discern among prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (consider chromosome number/organization, nucleus, internal membranes, membrane-bound organelles, and which Kingdoms include biota with each kind of cell).
Prokaryotic (before kernel) Cells:
-single, “circular” “chromosome” found in cytosol
- lack a nucleus, internal membranes, and membrane-bound organelles
- Kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic (true kernel) Cells:
- many, “X-shaped” chromosomes in a nucleus
- has internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles
- Kindoms: Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista
If given a diagram of a plant and an animal cell similar to those in your book, can you label all of the organelles and state their function? There is a practice worksheet to help you with this task. You should also draw the cells yourself, label your diagrams, and then annotate your labels with notes from the slides. This will help you learn/remember this vital information.
Study/be able to recall the information in the slides for the following cellular organelles/structures:
a. Plasma membrane
b. Nucleus
c. Ribosomes
d. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
e. Golgi
f. Vesicles
g. Lysosomes
h. Peroxisomes
i. Mitochondria
j. Chloroplasts
k. Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments)
a. The plasma membrane not only envelops a cell but it also helps manage what moves in/out.
b. A nucleus consists of: a nuclear envelope, chromatin, and a nucleolus(-i). It holds a cell’s nuclear genome/genes within its chromatin/chromosomes
c. Ribosome make proteins. They’re made up of two subunits: rRNA & protein
d. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of tubules/sacs (cisternae) made of folded membrane.
Explain how the organization of cell’s endomembrane system, particularly the nucleus, ribosomes, ER, Golgi, and vesicles, correspond with the functional roles of protein synthesis, modification, and shipment.
How does the endomembrane system relate to systemic functions in organisms and which example was used to illustrate this point?
FROM FACTORY TO FEDEX slide
What does the endosymbiosis theory purport?
purports mitochondria/chloroplasts were free-living prokaryotes engulfed by eukaryotic cells.
Which types of bacteria are considered the progenitors of mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively?
Mitochondria were likely ɑ-proteobacteria whereas chloroplasts were likely cyanobacteria.
Which attributes about these organelles are explained by this theory?
Helps explain why these organelles possess:
DNA organized similar to bacteria,
genes similar to bacteria,
and double membranes.
What is mtDNA and cpDNA?
mtDNA - mitochondrion dna
cpDNA - chloroplasts dna
Discern among the four types of cell junctions: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata.
Junctions are associations cells make with each
other within a tissue.
Tight junctions weld cells together preventing fluids/materials from seeping between (e.g., GI tract).
Desmosomes rivet cells together in high force tissues (e.g., muscle cells).
Gap junctions are (tubes) pores that connect cells so ions/water can pass (e.g., cardiac cells).
Plasmodesmata: plant version of gap junctions.
What is extracellular matrix (ECM) and what overall role does it serve in an organism?
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) is a network of polymers and extracellular fluid (ECF) (lays above tissue) helps integrate cells into tissues.
