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Neurology (Spring 2015) > L07: Neurolocalization (Carrera) > Flashcards

L07: Neurolocalization (Carrera) Flashcards

1
Q

UMN signs**

A

Normal or increased reflexes
increase in tone
paresis to paralysis
weak and stiff

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2
Q

LMN signs**

A

loss of reflexes
loss of tone
paresis to paralysis
weak and floppy

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3
Q

Brain signs

A 
behavior changes
CN deficits
seizures
CP deficits
ataxia
paresis
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4
Q

forebrain includes:

A

cerebrum, diencephalon

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5
Q

brainstem includes:

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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6
Q

brain includes

A

forebrain
cerebellum
brainstem
individual cranial nerves

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7
Q

where does cn 1 exit?

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

where does cn 2 exit?

A

diencephalon

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9
Q

which cn come out of midbrain?

A

3,4

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10
Q

which cn come out of pons?

A

5

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11
Q

which cn come out of cerebellum?

A

none

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12
Q

which cn come out of medulla oblongata

A

6-12

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13
Q

FOREBRAIN signs

A 
seizures
circling
compulsion
behavior change (ie. stick in corner)
blindness
postural reaction deficits
normal gait
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14
Q

If pupillary light reflex pathways intact but still can’t see, where is lesion?

A

Cortex

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15
Q

4 CS of Horner’s Syndrome in dogs***

A

loss of sympathetic innervation –>

1) ptosis (drooping eyelid)
2) prolapsed 3rd eyelid
3) miosis (pupil constriction)
4) enophthalmos (posterior displacement of eyeball)

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16
Q

CS of Horner’s Syndrome in horses

A
  • eyelashes point down
  • unilateral sweating (on affected side)
  • inc. temp of face/neck/shoulder –> vasodilation
17
Q

Cerebellum lesion signs

A 
head tilt
nystagmus (involuntary eye movement)
loss of menace
intention tremors
truncal sway
ataxia
hypermetric, spastic gait
NO paresis, behavior changes, CP deficits
18
Q

Brainstem lesion signs

A 
decreased mentation (stupor, comatose)
CN deficits
usually cn8 involvement --> nystagmus
tetraparesis
CP deficits
ataxia
19
Q

how to localize spinal cord lesion

A

1) presence of myelopathy and change in postural reactions
2) segmental reflexes help you localize it
C1-C5, C6-T2, T3-L3, L4-S3

20
Q

muscle tone: extended, difficult to flex limb implies:

A

UMN lesion

21
Q

muscle tone: flaccid, unable to support any weight implies:

A

LMN involvement, spinal shock

22
Q

C1-5 lesions will have what TL/PL postural reactions?

A

dec. to absent in TL and PL

23
Q

C6-T2 lesions will have what TL/PL postural reactions?

A

variable TL, dec. to absent PL

24
Q

T3-L3 lesions will have what TL/PL postural reactions?

A

N TL, dec. to absent PL

25
Q

L4-S3 lesions will have what TL/PL postural reactions?

A

N TL, variable PL

26
Q

motor unit nerve lesions will have what TL/PL postural reactions?

A

N to dec. TL and PL

27
Q

NMJ lesions will have what TL/PL postural reactions?

A

N TL and PL

28
Q

muscle lesions will have what TL/PL postural reactions?

A

N TL and PL

29
Q

C1-C5 lesion signs

A 
\+/- ambulatory
-knuckling, stumbling, face-planting
-tetraparesis
-ataxia (uncoordinated movement) worse in PL
-N to inc. reflexes in all limbs
\+/- muscle fasiculations, pain
30
Q

C6-T2 lesion signs

A 
\+/- ambulatory
-knuckling, stumbling, face-planting
-"two-engine" gait
-tetraparesis
-ataxia
-reflexes N to dec. in TL, N to inc. in PL
\+/- m. fasiculations, pain
31
Q

T3-L3 lesion signs

A 
\+/- ambulatory
-paraparesis
-PL ataxia
-hunched
\+/- pain, panniculus cut-off, Schiff-Sherrington posture
-reflexes N in TL, N to inc. in PL
32
Q

Schiff-Sherrington posture

A
  • extensor hypertonia of the TLs due to loss of ascending inhibition
  • assoc. with severe TL lesions
  • NOT diagnostic!
  • must distinguish from decerebrate posture
33
Q

L4-S3 lesion signs

A 
\+/- ambulatory, pain, panniculus cut-off
PL ataxia
paraparesis (PL)
N reflexes in TL
dec. to absent reflexes in PL
\+/- anal tone, tail tone/sensation, perineal reflex
34
Q

LMN lesion signs

A 
\+/- ambulatory, facial n. weakness, gag reflex
NO ataxia, pain
Paresis (generalized)
dec. to absent reflexes
exercise intolerance
35
Q

IVDD can be acute progressive/non-progressive, or chronic progressive

A

:)

36
Q

painful spinal lesions***

A 
IVDD
meningitis/meningomyelitis
diskospondylitis
fracture/luxation
neoplasia (bone)
*there are no nerve endings within the cord!*

Neurology (Spring 2015) (7 decks)

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