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IRM > L05 - Pressure and compliance > Flashcards

L05 - Pressure and compliance Flashcards

1
Q

What is total lung capacity and the approx vol?

A

The volume of air in lungs after maximum effort of inspiration(approx 6L)

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2
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The volume of air left in lungs after forced expiration (approx 1.2L)

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3
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The volume of air that can be expelled after taking the deepest possible inspiration (approx 4.8L)

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4
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

The volume of air left in lungs after passive expiration (approx 2.7L)

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5
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Volume of air that can be inspired following a quiet expiration (approx 3.3L)

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6
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after inspiration of a normal tidal volume

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7
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Each breath we take (.5L)

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8
Q

IRV + TV =

A

IC

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9
Q

ERV + RV =

A

FRC

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10
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after inspiration of a normal tidal volume

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11
Q

What factors can have an impact on lung volume?

A
  • Height (taller>smaller)
  • Sex (males > females)
  • Age (lung volume inc with age, dec slightly with old age)
  • Race (European > Asian)
  • Respiratory disease
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12
Q

What are the key indicators in a lung function test to identify a respiratory disease?

A
  • Reduced flow rate

- Reduced volume

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13
Q

What does Boyle’s law state?

A
  • Describes the relationship between pressure and volumes of gases
  • The pressure of a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas at any given temp?
    i. e. if the vol is halved, the pressure is double
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14
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A
  • External intercostal muscles

- Diaphragm

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15
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A
  • Internal intercostal muscles

- Abdominal muscles

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16
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Pecotralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Serratus anterior
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Serratus posterior
    superior
  • Scalene muscles
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17
Q

What are the accessory muscles of expiration

A

The abdominal muscles:

  • Rectus
  • Abdominis
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transversus abdominis
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18
Q

Function of resp muscles:

A
  1. Stretch the elastic components of the respiratory system

2. To overcome the resistance to flow

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19
Q

How will the air flow if PB = PA (barometric press = alveolar press)

A

No air will flow as there is no pressure difference

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20
Q

What is the equation for Boyle’s Law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

21
Q

Describe what happens during inspiration with Boyle’s Law

A

Inc thoracic vol –> dec PA according to Boyle’s law (P1V1 = P2V2) –> diff in PB and PA created –> air moves into lungs until press equalises

22
Q

Describe what happens during expiration with Boyle’s law

A

Dec thoracic vol –> inc PA according to Boyle’s law (P1V1 = P2V2) –> diff in PB and PA created –> air moves out of lungs until press equalises

23
Q

What happens to the muscles during passive inspiration?

A

Diaphragm = contracts and flattens (pulls downwards)
= Ext sup and inf dimensions of thoracic cavity
EIM = Elevates the ribs and sternum
= Ext ant and post dimensions of thoracic cavity

24
Q

What happens to the muscles during passive expiration

A

Diaphragm = relaxes and returns to resting position (dome shaped)
= Red sup and inf dimensions of thoracic cavity
EIM = Relaxes to depress ribs and sternum
= Red ant and post dimension of thoracic cavity

25
Q

What happens to the accessory muscles during active inspiration?

A 
Scalenes = Elevates upper ribs 
Sterno = Elevates sternum
Pec major = Pulls ribs outwards 
Pec minor = Pulls ribs outwards 
Serr ant = Elevates ribs (when scapulae are fixed)
Lat dorsi = Elevates lower ribs
26
Q

What happens to the accessory muscles during active expiration?

A

Anterolateral abdominal wall = Inc intra-abd press, pushes dia upwards into thoracc cavity
Int inter = Depresses the ribs
Innerm inter = Depresses the ribs

27
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A
  • Pleura that reflects from the medial wall and onto the surface of the lung
  • Adheres to and covers the lung
28
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

Pleura ass with the walls of a pleural cavity (covers the internal surface of the thoracic cavity)

29
Q

What is the pleural space?

A
  • The potential space enclosed between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura
  • Filled with small amount of lubricating serous pleural fluid
30
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A
  • Occurs when excess fluid acc within pleural space

- As fluid acc, underlying lung is compromised and may collapse as the vol of fluid inc

31
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A
  • Collection of gas or air within the pleural cavity
  • When air enters p. cav, the tissue elasticity of parenchyma causes lung to collapse within chest, impairing lung function
32
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

When so much air acc in the p. cavity that the mediastinum is pushed to the opp lung, compromising that lung as a result
(req urgent treatment)

33
Q

What is the recoil tendency of the lungs?

A

Healthy lungs tend to recoil inwards away from the thoracic cage

34
Q

What is the recoil tendency of the thoracic cage?

A

The thoracic cage tends to recoil outwards away from the lungs

35
Q

What causes the sub-atmospheric pressure within the pleural space?

A

The inwards recoil of the lungs and the outwards recoil of the thoracic cage

36
Q

What is each pleural cavity lined by?

A
  • Single layer of flat cells (mesothelium)
  • Ass later of supporting CT
  • Tgt they form the pleura
37
Q

Why does the parietal pleura and visceral pleura not ever actually touch each other?

A

Do not touch due to reciprocal repulsive forces of charges carried by polar phospholipids adsorbed on the opposing pleural surfaces

38
Q

What are pleural recesses?

A

When the lungs do not completely fill the ant/post inf regions of the pleural cavities

39
Q

What are the two possible recesses present in each pleural cavity?

A
  1. Costodiaphragmatic recess

2. Costomediastinal recess

40
Q

Why are pleural recesses important to know about?

A

They provide potential spaces in which fluids can collect and from which fluids can be aspirated

41
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess and where does it occur?
When is it deepest/ shallowest?

A
  • Occurs in each pleural acvity between the costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura
  • Deepest after forced exp
  • Shallowest after forced insp
42
Q

What is costomediastinal recess and where does it occur?

A
  • Occurs on each side where costal pleura is opposed to mediastinal pleura (behind the sternum)
  • Largest on left side in the region overlying the heart
43
Q

How would you approximate the location of the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

It is the region between the inferior margin of the pleural cavity and the inferior margin of the lung (would need to locate these margins)

44
Q

How would you locate the approx location of the inferior margin of the lung (during quiet resp)?

A

Inf margin crosses:

  • Rib 6 in the midclavicular line
  • Rib 8 in the midaxillary line
  • Courses roughly horizontally to reach the vertebral column at T10
  • Therefore, the line running between rib6, rib 8 and vertebra T10
45
Q

How would you locate the approx location of the inferior margin of the pleural cavity?

A

The same points as the inf margin of lung but at rib 8, rib 10 and vertebra T12

46
Q

What happens to the inferior margin of the lung and costodiaphragmatic recess during expiration?

A
  • Inf margin rises

- Costodiaphragmatic recess becomes larger

47
Q

During a normal breath, how many times does alveolar pressure cross 0kPa

A

3 times

  • Once at start of inspiration
  • Once at end of insp/ start of exp
  • Once at end of exp
48
Q

What happens to airflow when PA is 0

A

Airflow is also at 0 (it stops)

49
Q

Draw the graphs for Volume, airflow, recoil press alveolar press and intrapleural press

A

Look at L05 flipped for answer

IRM (21 decks)

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