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A13AMC @ UoN > L03 - Immunisation & Immunotherapy > Flashcards

L03 - Immunisation & Immunotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Define Active Immunisation (Vaccination)

A

Administration of antigen in order to induce active production of immunity

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2
Q

Describe the characteristics of Active Immunisation

A 
Immunity is specific for antigen given
Immunological memory is induced
Immunity involves antibody/T-cell response
Systemic/Mucosal immunity is possible
Protection is not immediate
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3
Q

Define Passive Immunisation

A

Administration of pre-formed antibody in order to protect from disease

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4
Q

Describe the characteristics of Passive Immunisation

A

No immunological memory is generated
No immune response in the recipient
Protection is immediate

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5
Q

Define the Primary Antibody Response

A

Shortly after vaccination
Induces formation of memory cells
Mainly IgM

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6
Q

Define the Secondary Antibody Response

A

After secondary exposure to antigen
Faster, peaks higher
Mainly IgG

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7
Q

Define Live Attenuated Vaccines

A

Vaccines consisting of organisms whose virulence has been reduced ie. by repeated culture in vitro (MMR)
Not possible for all viruses

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8
Q

Describe the characteristics of LAVs

A

Multiply in the host, mimic natural infection but with no/mild symptoms
Systemic/mucosal immunity forms with long lasting immune memory
Usually only one dose is needed

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9
Q

Describe the risks of LAVs

A

Potential for severe infection (immunodeficiency)
Potential to revert to virulent strain
Storage conditions critical for stability

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10
Q

Define Killed Viruses - Give an example

A

Vaccines consisting of whole inactivated virus/bacteria (Polio)
Not suitable for all organisms

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11
Q

Describe the characteristics of KVs

A

Do not multiply in the host
Only systemic immunity induced
Several doses needed (large amount of antigen req.)

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12
Q

Describe the risks of KVs

A

Inactivation may alter structure
No risk of infection/reversion
More stable

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13
Q

Define Subunit Vaccines - Give an example

A

Vaccines consisting of parts/products of organisms (Group C Meningococcus)

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14
Q

Describe the characteristics of SVs

A

Immunisation does not mimic natural infection BUT induces a response to prevent disease
Only systemic immunity induced
Several doses needed (inc. adjuvant)

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15
Q

Describe the risks of SVs

A

No risk of infection/reversion

No unwanted components

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16
Q

Give three examples of contraindications to immunisation common to all vaccines

A

Acute illness
Severe reaction to previous dose of same vaccine
Patient known to be allergic to vaccine/component

17
Q

Give three examples of contraindications to immunisation specific to LVs

A

Pregnancy

Primary or Secondary Immunodeficiency

18
Q

Give three examples of situations where vaccines may not work

A

LV given to patients on antibiotics
Patients on immunoglobulin therapy
LVs given close together (give at the same time or weeks apart)

19
Q

Define Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy

A

A type of passive immunisation where immunoglobulin is given (i.v. or s.c.)

20
Q

How are IVIG preparations produced?

A 
Derived from pooled plasma of >1000 donors
IgG must be >90% intact with a range of subclasses
Biologically active (activates complement, binds FcR)
Free of inflammatory mediators/infectious agents
21
Q

What are the indications for the use of IVIG?

A

Primary antibody deficiencies

Secondary antibody deficiencies

22
Q

Describe Hyperimmune/Specific Immunoglobulin Preparations

A

Selected for v. high titres of antibodies to spec. microbes

Used for post-exposure treatment/prophyalxis

23
Q

Define monoclonal antibodies

A

Artificially produced antibodies of a single specificity derived from a single B cell clone

24
Q

Describe the characteristics of MABs

A

Endless supply
Fully homogenous & characterised reagent (highly specific/potent)
Reduced risk of transferring infection

25
Q

Define cytokines

A

Molecules which activate and regulate the immune response

26
Q

Describe the roles of cytokines

A

Stimulation of cells of the immune system
Stimulation of inflammation
Stimulation of haematopoiesis
Anti-viral/anti-proliferative activities

27
Q

Define INF-a

A

INF-a is a cytokine that is used for:
Inhibition of viral replication/protein synthesis in infected cells
Stimulation of the anti-viral immune response

28
Q

Give two examples of cytokines that enhance circulating neutrophil levels

A

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor

29
Q

Why are GCSF/GMCSF used?

A

To reduce duration of neutropenia/incidence of febrile neutropenia (chemo/myeloablative therapy)

30
Q

Define INF-Y

A

INF-Y is a cytokine used to treat Chronic Granulomatous Disease

31
Q

How is INF-Y used to treat CGD?

A

INF-Y upregulates activity of NADPH-oxidase (CGD is a primary immunodeficiency due to defective components of phagocyte NADPH-oxidase)

A13AMC @ UoN (20 decks)

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