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A13AMC @ UoN > L02 - Introduction, Overview & Mechanisms of Action of Classes of Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

L02 - Introduction, Overview & Mechanisms of Action of Classes of Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What two types of antibiotic inhibit cell wall synthesis? - Give an example

A 
Beta Lactams (Penicillins)
Glycopeptides (Vancomycin)
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2
Q

What four types of antibiotics interfere with DNA synthesis and replication? - Give an example

A

Sulphonamides (Sulphamethoxazole)
Diaminopyrimidines (Trimethoprim)
Quinolones (Ciprofloxacin)
Nitroimidazoles (Metronidazole)

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3
Q

What five types of antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis? - Give an example

A 
Macrolides (Erythromycin)
Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin)
Tetracyclines (Doxycycline)
Lincosamides (Clindamycin)
Rifamycins (Rifampicin)
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4
Q

What types of antibiotics disrupt the cell membrane? - Give an example

A

Polymixins (Colistin)

Lipopeptides (Daptomycin)

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5
Q

Give three examples of Beta Lactam antibiotics

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

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6
Q

Give two examples of Glycopeptide antibiotics

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

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7
Q

What are the three main types of Beta Lactam structure? - Give an example

A

Thiazolidine Ring - Penicillins
Dihydrothiazine Ring - Cephalosporins
Carpaneme Core - Carbapenems

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8
Q

Describe the features of a Thiazolidine Ring Beta Lactam antibiotic

A

Ring is 3 carbons, 1 nitrogen, 1 sulphur

Modifiable residue to increase stability/spectrum

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9
Q

Describe the features of a Dihydrothiazine Ring Beta Lactam antibiotic

A

Ring is 4 carbons, 1 nitrogen, 1 sulphur

2 modifiable residues to increase stability/spectrum

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10
Q

Describe the features of a Carbapenem Core Beta Lactam antibiotic

A

Ring is 4 carbons, 1 nitrogen

3 modifiable residues to increase stability/spectrum

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11
Q

Describe how Gram staining distinguishes between bacteria

A

Gram +ve bacteria (blue) have a thick cell wall

Gram -ve bacteria (red) have a thin cell wall with 2 membranes (outer and inner)

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12
Q

Name and describe the two types of Gram +ve cocci

A

Staphylococci (Clumps)

Streptococci (Strips)

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13
Q

Name and distinguish the two types of Staphylococci

A

S. aureus (coagulase +ve)

Coagulase Neg Staph (coagulase -ve)

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14
Q

Name and distinguish the three types of Streptococci

A 
Beta Haemolytic (Complete breakdown of blood)
Alpha Haemolytic (Partial breakdown of blood)
Non Haemolytic (No breakdown of blood)
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15
Q

Name the three common types of Gram +ve Bacilli

A

Listeria
Cornyebacterium
Clostridium

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16
Q

Give two examples of Gram -ve Cocci

A

N. meningitidis

N. gonorrhoea

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17
Q

Give four examples of Gram -ve Bacilli

A

Bacteroides
Pseudomonas
Haemophilus
Enterobacteriae

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18
Q

Give four examples of Enterobacteriae

A

E. Coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Proteus

19
Q

Define the atypical bacteria and give two examples

A

Atypical bacteria do not have a cell wall
Examples are Mycoplasma & Chlamydia
(Cannot treat with a/b that target the cell wall)

20
Q

Describe the MoA of Beta Lactam antibiotics

A

Bacteria produce cell walls in layers, joined together by amino acid side chains
The chains are linked by Penicillin Binding Protein
Beta Lactams block PBP and expose the cell to osmotic stress

21
Q

What are Beta Lactamases?

A

Beta Lactamases are bacterially produced compounds that confer antibiotic resistance

22
Q

How do Beta Lactamases confer antibiotic resistance? - And how can we avoid this?

A

Beta Lactamases hydrolyse the Beta Lactam ring, causing inactivation
We can co-administer Beta Lactamase inhibitors to avoid resistance (Clavulanic Acid)

23
Q

Describe the MoA of Glycopeptide antibiotics

A

Glycopeptide antibiotics bind to the amino acid side chains on cell wall layers, preventing the binding of PBP

24
Q

Give two examples of Macrolide antibiotics

A

Erythromycin

Clarithromycin

25
Q

Give two examples of Tetracycline antibiotics

A

Doxycycline

Tigecycline

26
Q

Give three examples of Aminoglycoside antibiotics

A

Gentamicin
Amikacin
Tobramycin

27
Q

Describe the structure of Macrolide antibiotics and their target

A

Large ‘macro’ ring structure forms the core
Target the 50s Ribosome subunit
Many chemical derivatives

28
Q

Describe the structure of Tetracycline antibiotics and their target

A

Four ‘tetra’ ring structure
Target the 30s Ribosome subunit
Avoid in pregnancy/children (teeth discolouration)

29
Q

Describe the structure of Aminoglycoside antibiotics

A

Three rings linked via oxygen residues
Target the 30s Ribosome subunit
Narrow therapeutic window (toxicity)

30
Q

What two types of antibiotics target Nucleotide Synthesis? - Give an example

A

Sulphonamides (Sulphamethoxazole)

Diaminopyrimidines (Trimethoprim)

31
Q

What type of antibiotics inhbits DNA Gyrase? - Give an example

A

Quinolones (Ciprofloxacin)

32
Q

What is the MoA of Sulphonamides and Diaminopyrimidines?

A

Sulphonamides/Diaminopyrimidines act as Folate Synthesis inhibitors
Avoid Diaminopyrimidines in 1st trimester

33
Q

What is the MoA of Quinolones (and Fluoroquinolones)?

A

Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones stop DNA unwinding before replication

34
Q

Define Fungi and describe their grouping

A

Fungi are eukaryotic cells, grouped as:
Yeasts
Moulds
Dimorphic

35
Q

What are the main types of Antifungals? - Give an example

A

Azoles (Fluconazole)
Polyenes (Amphotericin B)
Echinocandins (Caspofungin)

36
Q

What are the two types of Azoles?

A

Triazoles

Imidazoles

37
Q

Give two examples of Triazoles

A

Fluconazole

Voriconazole

38
Q

Give two examples of Imidazoles

A

Clotrimazole

Miconazole

39
Q

Give two examples of Polyenes

A

Amphotericin B

Nystatin

40
Q

Give two examples of Echinocandins

A

Caspofungin

Micafungin

41
Q

Describe the structure & MoA of Triazoles

A

Triazole rings have 2 carbons, 3 nitrogens

They inhibit ergosterol synthesis via Lanosterol (essential for fungal cell membranes)

42
Q

Describe the structure & MoA of Polyenes

A

Polyenes are macrocyclic and form C=C

They bind ergosterol (essential for fungal cell membranes)

43
Q

Describe the structure & MoA of Echinocandins

A

Echinocandins are macrocyclic with a carbon tail

They inhibit glucan synthesis in the cell wall

44
Q

Give four examples of human mycoses

A 
Tinea
Candidiasis
Mucormycosis
Aspergillosis
(Moving superficial to deep)

A13AMC @ UoN (20 decks)

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