L 8 - 10 - 11 Flashcards
define the perfect argument
- meet appropriate logical norm ( validity or inductive force)
- convince someone previously neutral
- by using fully rational means
what are fallacies?
imperfect arguments
list 3 types of fallacies
logical functional and rhetorical
what is a logical fallacy
a fallacy that doesn’t meet the logical norm of validity or inductive force
give examples of a logical fallacy that doesn’t meet inductive force
gambler fallacy, base rate fallacy
what is a functional fallacy?
- meet appropriate logical norm
- ought not to convince Somme previously neutral
give 2 examples of functional fallacies
fallacy of circularity (begging the question) or fallacy of false alternative
what is circularity
uses the premise as a proof to support the conclusion
what is false alternative
seem to be instances of principle of bivalence (P or not-P) but aren’t
what are rhetorical fallacies?
arguments involving rhetorical language (pejorative terms, jargons) or appeals to…
are rhetorical fallacies valid?
no
can rhetorical fallacies have inductive force?
yes
list rhetorical fallacies (9)
- ad hominem
- appeal to authority
- poisoning the well
- undermining from within
- fallacy of false cause
- appealing to force
- fallacies of division and composition
- genetic fallacies
- fallacy of analogy (slippery slope)
what is an ad hominem fallacy
attack the person instead of the argument
explain appeal to authority
the conclusion should be believed because an authority said so
what to consider to. find inductive force in appeal to authority
- is this a matter where there can be authority or expertise
- is the authority qualified in this subject matter?
explain poisoning the well
urge that the conclusion should not be believed because suggested by someone that isn’t an expert in the subject matter
explain undermining from within
a view is hod false because is inconsistent with something else believed
(shouldn’t mean IS false, but should be held as false if we believe in something that is inconsistent with it)
explain the fallacy of false cause
is the constant conjunction necessary or sufficient for causation ? if not then is accidentally true
explain appeal to force
confusing what you ought veto believe with what you ought to do
explain fallacy of division
complex group G has property P
c) elements of G have property P
explain fallacy of composition
elements of G have property P
C) complex group G has property P
what are the 2 types of genetic fallacies
prospective e retrospective
explain prospective genetic fallacy
X because Y
X hah property P
C) Y has property P
explain retrospective genetic fallacy
X came from Y
Y had property P
C) X has property P
explain fallacies of analogy
type T1 things and T2 both have properties A, B, C..
T1 have additional property Z
C)T2 have additional property Z
explain slippery slope
if you maintain P1 you're committed to maintain P2 P3 P(n) you are not prepared to maintain P(n) C) you're not entitled to maintain P1
