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Question 1

define “arguments”

Answer 1

sequence of statements, one of which is a conclusion.

Question 2

when is an argument good?

Answer 2

when its premises give a good reason to believe in the conclusion.

Question 3

what is the difference between an argument and an explanation?

Answer 3

explanation take the conclusion as true already, an argument aims to persuade that the conclusion is true.

Question 4

what is the absolute standard?

Answer 4

the idea that in a valid argument is strictly irrational not to accept the conclusion.

Question 5

when is an argument said to be valid?

Answer 5

when it is impossible for its premises to be true and its conclusion to be false.

Question 6

what is a disjunction?

Answer 6

an “or” statement, P is the case or Q is the case.

Question 7

when is an argument sound?

Answer 7

when it is both valid and all its premises are true

Question 8

if P then Q which is the antecedent and which is the consequent

Answer 8

P antecedent

Q consequent

Question 9

name 4 forms of valid arguments and give examples

Answer 9

• affirming the antecedent : if P then Q, P, then Q
• denying the consequent: if P then Q, not Q, not P
• transitivity, if A then C, in C then D, if A then D
• contraposition, if A then C, if not-C then not-A

Question 10

name 2 invalid arguments

Answer 10

• denying the antecedent

- affirming the consequent

Question 11

what is a conditional statement?

Answer 11

if A then C

Question 12

converse of if A then C

Answer 12

if C then A

Question 13

contrapositive of if A then C

Answer 13

if not-C then not-A

Question 14

what is a biconditional statement? + example

Answer 14

conjunction of a conditional statement and its converse if A then C and if C then A
- abbreviated: A if and only if C
A is a necessary and sufficient condition for C.

Question 15

what is a standard form

Answer 15

premises si scrivono con P1 P2, incoerente bar and conclusion = C