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immunology > L: 20 Immunity to microbes > Flashcards

L: 20 Immunity to microbes Flashcards

1
Q

what is collateral damage

A

tissue injury and disease caused by the hosts response to microbe rather than microbe itself

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2
Q

Latent or persistent infections

A

Immune response control but does not eliminate microbe and microbe survives without propagating infections

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3
Q

What are important causes of susceptibility in innate and adaptive immunity

A

Inherited and acquired immunity

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4
Q

What pathways can lipoplysaccharide (LPS) activate?

A

Alternative and classical

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5
Q

What pathway do mannan-binding proteins (MBP) activate

A

Lectin

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6
Q

Acute phase proteins bind bacterial coat and activate _________?

A

Complement

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7
Q

What binds to receptors on resident mast cells and activates them?

A

C3a and C5a

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8
Q

Mast cell degranulation releases large amounts of what to enhance blood flow?

A

Histamines and bradykinin

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9
Q

Histamines acting through what receptors cause arterial vasodilation, venous constriction in some vascular beds and increased permeability?

A

H1 and H2

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10
Q

What is the first cell to release cytokines and chemokines

A

Mast cells

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11
Q

What adheres to the vein walls after activation via PRRs

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

What are some potent Neutrophil Chemoattractants?

A

Complement fragments C5a and C3a

Chemokines IL-8/CXCL8

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13
Q

Immature DCs engulf and internalize bacteria (Ags) via?

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (e.g. Toll-Like receptors)

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14
Q

What cells migrate to local LNs via the lymphatics?

A

Activated mature DCs

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15
Q

After DCs enter the LN they move directly to ?

A

T cell zone

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16
Q

What leads to the swelling and hyperemia leading to swollen painful/tender LNs

A

Lymphocytes become trapped, activated, and proliferate in local inflamed LN

17
Q

The homing of lymphocytes to peripheral LNs is initiated by an adhesive interaction between?

A

Expressed L-selectin and PNAd displayed on HEV and LNs

18
Q

What calls are recruited and activated by DCs in lymph node

A

Naïve Th Cells

19
Q

Naïve T cells become differentiated towards what three cells according to DC signals?

A

Th1, Th2, Th17

20
Q

What cells migrate toward the germinal centers and interact with Ag-activated B cells promoting affinity maturation and Ig class switching

A

Th cells

21
Q

Initially _____ class Ab is produced, followed by clonal expansion and ______ to other classes, e.g. IgG or IgA for mucosal pathogens by the engagement of CD40-CD40L

A

IgM

Switching

22
Q

IgM is a very potent _____ activator

A

Complement

23
Q

After formation of multiple ______ bacteria are lysed by complement

A

MACs

24
Q

In the resolution of an infection bacteria debris is removed by what?

A

Phagocytes or by antibody as soluble immune complexes

25
Q

What happens to most effector lymphocytes upon elimination of pathogens

A

Die via apoptosis

26
Q

Extracellular bacteria are capable of replicating outside of the host cells where?

A

Blood, Connective tissue< epithelial surfaces, and GI tract

27
Q

Endotoxins

A

Components of bacterial cell walls

28
Q

Exotoxin

A

Secreted by the bacteria

29
Q

What are the principle mechanisms of innate immunity to extracellular bacteria?

A

Complement activation
Phagocytosis
inflammation

30
Q

Classical pathway cofactors

A

DAF, CR12, C4BP

31
Q

Alternative pathway cofactor

A

DAF, Factor H, CR1

32
Q

The major mechanism used by bacteria to evade humoral immunity?

A

Variation of surface Ags

33
Q

Major Protective Response against extracellular bacteria

A

Humoral Immunity

34
Q

The 3 effector mechanisms of Abs include?

A
  • Toxin neutralization
  • Opsonization and phagocytosis
  • complement activation by classical pathway
35
Q

Antibodies responses against extracellular bacteria are directed against?

A

Cell walls Ags

36
Q

Macrophages release a diverse range of products implicated in?

A

Sepsis

37
Q

Global suppressor of macrophage function

A

IL-10

immunology (6 decks)

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