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PHCY 320 > L 01 & 02 Anatomy and physiology of reproduction > Flashcards

L 01 & 02 Anatomy and physiology of reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What Is the Primacy sex organ? what is their name?

A

Gonads organs, they produce (gametes) sperm and eggs

Males: Testes

Female: Ovaries

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2
Q

What are the different parts of Female reproductive system?

A

Cervix

Ovary

Fallorian tube

Uterus

Uterine fundus

Ovarian ligament

Cervical canel

Myometrium

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3
Q

What are the secondary sex organs for male and female?

A

For male: Ducts, Glands, Penis

For Female: Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

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4
Q

What are the Functions of Testes ?

A

Sperm cells production

Developed from germ cells in seminiferous tubule

Secretion of Testosterone by Interstitial or leydig cells

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5
Q

The process of sperm cells production known as?

A

Gametogenesis

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6
Q

What cells secrete testosterone?

A

Interstitial (leydig) cells

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7
Q

What does Sertoli cells do?

A

Form blood –testis barrier

Support developing sperm cells

Produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen

Secret inhibin which helps to slows down sperm production

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8
Q

What is the process of spermatogenic cell creation?

A

(2n stem cell)Spermatogonium=> Primary spermatocyte(2n)=> Secondary spermatocyte(n)=>Early spermatid(n)=>Late spermatid(n)=> Sperm cell

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9
Q

Where are the sertoli cells located?

A

They extend from the basement membrane to the lumen.

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10
Q

What is Scrotum? Function of Scrotum?

A

Sac of loose skin, fascia & smooth muscle divided into two pouches by a septum

Function: Protect testes &

Maintain temperature 2 degree lower than body temperature.

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11
Q

What is Epididymus?

A

Storage site of sperm cells,

It absorb 90% of the fluid secreted by the testis.

Sperm stored here for 40-60 days and are absorbed if not ejaculated prior to that time

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12
Q

What is semen? what are the constituents of semen?

A

fluid expelled during orgasm.

It is a mixture of secretions from the epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate and bulbourethral gland.

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13
Q

From where the mixture of secretions (semen) comes from?

A

Epididymis, Seminal Vesicle, Prostate, and Bulbourethral gland

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14
Q

What are the major constituents of Semen?

A

Sperm

Spermine

Fructose

Clotting and anticoagulant factors

Prostaglandins

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15
Q

How many sperm per ml?

A

50 to 120 million per ml

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16
Q

Spermatozon structure and what are the function of those different parts work?

A

3 main parts Head, Midpiece and Tail

It has following parts

I)Acrosome: Enzymes are used to dissolve a path to penetrate the egg

II) Nucleus: Carries the gene

III) Mitocondroa: Produce ATP for sperm motility

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the following semen components:

A
  1. Fructose: used as energy source for sperm
  2. Clotting and anticoagulant factors: Semen clots like blood, so every 15-30 minutes later, anticoagulant factors dissolve the clot.
  3. Prostaglandins: Stimulate peristaltic contractions of the female reproductive tract that may help to draw semen into the uterus.
  4. Spermine: It is a base that reduces the acidity of the female vagina, increasing the survival rate of sperm.
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18
Q

Quiz

Why testicles are located outside of the male body?

A

Because the Production of sperm best takes place at a temperature lower than body temperature

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19
Q

What are the 2 factors of the male sexual response? What does this allow?

A
  1. Erection of the penis, allowing penetration.

2. Ejaculation, expelling semen

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20
Q

What is the process of ejaculation?

A

I)Ejaculation is initiated by sympathetic nerve impulses.

II) The ducts and accessory glands contract, emptying their contents into the urethra.

III)The urethral sphincter constrict.

IV) The bulbospongiosus muscles of the penis contract rapidly and rhythmically, propelling semen from the urethra.

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21
Q

For how long sperm last and how many sperm fertilizes the egg?

A

For 2 days

Only around 100 sperm cells reach the destination and 1 fertilizes the egg

22
Q

What is the refractory period? How long can it last?

A

A period following ejaculation where it is impossible to attain another erection and orgasm. The refractory period can last anywhere from 10 minutes to a few hours

23
Q

Quiz:

The substance produced by the seminal vesicles and prostate gland is known as?

24
Q

What is hormone?

A

Chemical substances secreted by special cells found within the endocrine organs

25
Q

How is hormone production is regulated?

A

Via feedback loop

CNS input=>Hypothalamus=>Pituitary=>Peripheral gland=> Hormone=>Target=>Effect

26
Q

Location of hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Hypothalamus: is located just below the thalamus and above the brainstem

Pituitary: Located base of the hypothalamus in the brain

27
Q

What hypothalamus does?

A

Controls release of hormones from pituitary

Link CNS to Endocrine system

28
Q

What pituitary gland is?

A

They are the master of hormonal gland

Located base of the hypothalamus in the brain

29
Q

What are the 2 regions called in pituitary gland in brain?

A

Anterior

Posterior

30
Q

What is the hypothalamus pituitary axis?

A

Hypothalamus controls hormone release via its interaction with the Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

31
Q

Which hormone secret from Anterior Pituitary?

A

FSH & LH

Prolactin

32
Q

Which hormone secrets Posterior pituitary?

33
Q

How do you classify a sex hormone?

A

Any hormones that affect following:

Growth or function of the reproductive organs

Development of secondary sex characteristics

Sexual behavioral patterns of humans

34
Q

What are the examples of sex hormones? Name all of them?

A

GnRh

FSH

LH

E

P

Testosterone

Prolactin

Oxytocin

35
Q

What are the pathways of secretion of sex hormone? For male and female?

A

For Male: Hypothalamus=> GnRH=>Anterior Pituitary=>LH &FSH=>Testis=>Testosterone=>Sperm

For Female:Hypothaqlamus=> GnRH=>Anterior Pituitary=>LH &FSH=>Overy=>Estrogen & progesterone

36
Q

What is gonadotrophin releasing hormone and what are their clinical usages?

A

GnRH is released from the hypothalamus to the ant pit and is used to stimulate the release of FSH and LH. It is released in a pulse-like manner.

37
Q

Clinical uses of GnRH?

A

Continuous: Used to reduce the release of FSH and LH (flare concept) and are also used to treat various sex-hormone dependent conditions e.g breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometriosis.

38
Q

What do estrogens do?

A

At puberty: growth of breast and uterus

Deposition of fat

Preserve Bone density

During menstrual cycle: Retention of salt and water, maintain lipoprotein profile, Decrease bone reabsorption and increase coagulability.

During pregnency:

Growth of breast duct system

Increased uterine blood flow

Estrogens effect in CNS:

Neuroprotection

Emotional instability

Brain development

39
Q

How does estrogen induce its effects? 2 ways

A

Genomic action:

Non genomic action:

What are the genomic actions of estrogen?

  1. Binding of the ligand to the cytoplasmic receptors
  2. Translocation of the ligand/receptor complex to the nucleus.
  3. Binding to the estrogen response elements (ERE)
  4. Induction of gene transcription

What are the non-genomic actions of estrogen?

  1. Activation of the receptors results in changes in various binding proteins including:
    - cAMP/CREB
    - MAPK
    - Pl3K
40
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of estrogens?

A

Contraception,

Menstrual disorders,

HRT/menopausal symptom protection or osteoporosis protection in post-menopausal women,

osteoporosis, certain cancers.

41
Q

Where progesterone synthesized?

A

By the corpus luteum in the ovary.

In Placenta and also a small amount in testis/adrenal cortex and CNS.

42
Q

QuiZ: which of the followningis not a function estrogen?

43
Q

What is progesterone? It has 2 forms what are they?

A

Progesterone : cant use orally

Synthetic progestin: can use orally

What are the 2 main receptors in progesterone?

A and B

44
Q

What progesterone do in the following areas?

A
  1. Uterus: prepares endometrium
  2. Cervix: changes secretions (hostile to sperm)
  3. Vagina: changes mucosa
  4. Breast: prepares for lactation, increase in ducts
  5. CNS: sedative effects in pregnancy, neuroprotection
  6. Metabolism: prolonged use impairs glucose intolerance, and increases LDL and decreases HDL.
45
Q

What are the Clinical uses of progesterone?

A
  • Oral contraceptives
  • Hormone replacement therapy (intact uterus)
  • Mifepristone (blocks PrR’s)
  • Threatened or habitual miscarriage
  • Endometriosis
46
Q

What action does mifepristone have?

A

It antagonise the progesterone.

(In other word: Antiprogestational action as a result of competition with progesterone at the progesterone receptors).

47
Q

What can mifepristone be used for?

A
  • A medical alternative to surgical termination of intra-uterine pregnancy.
  • Softening and dilation of cervix prior to surgical pregnancy termination.
  • Labour induction for the expulsion of a dead fetus (fetal death in utero)
48
Q

Where is testosterone synthesised?

A

Testosterone is synthesized by the testis (male) and smaller amounts in the adrenal cortex (males and females) and very small amounts in the ovary (females)

49
Q

How they release?

A

Pulse like manner in 1-3 hours interval overall similar amount in 24 hours.

50
Q

What is the proportion of binding of testosterone in human body?

A

98% bound to Plasma proteins

40 % tightly bound to sex hormone

60% loosely bound to albumin

2% free

51
Q

What are the effects of testosterone on the following?

A
  1. Skin: growth of facial and body hair/baldness.
    2: Male sex organs: sperm production, prostate growth, erectile function.
  2. Muscle: Muscle mass and strength.
  3. Brain: Sex drive and aggression.
  4. Bone marrow: red blood cell production.
  5. Bone: bone density and maintenance.
52
Q

What are the clinical uses of testosterone?

A
  • Replacement therapy
  • Masculinisation in transgender therapy
  • Used as Anti-androgen (i.e cyproterone)

PHCY 320 (7 decks)

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