Kuder Ch.3

Question 1

Steps in the Process of Speech

Answer 1

1. Respiration
2. Phonation
3. Resonation
4. Articulation
5. Brain

Question 2

Respiration

Answer 2

the power supply (starting point)

• inhalation of thoracic muscles, heart and lungs region
• exhalation of abdominal muscles, pelvic region

Question 3

Phonation

Answer 3

the noise source

-vocal folds of the larynx

Question 4

Resonation

Answer 4

the tone shapers

-pharynx, mouth, and nasal cavities

Question 5

Articulation

Answer 5

the producer of speech sounds

-lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, palate

Question 6

Brain (role in speech process)

Answer 6

the computer center (last step)

Question 7

Speech and the Central Nervous System

Answer 7

Control of speech production is governed by the central nervous system which is divided two major systems: peripheral and central.

Question 8

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 8

includes cranial and spinal nerves that carry motor information from the brain to the muscles in the body

Question 9

Children develop much of their brain capacity for learning in the first ____ years of life.

Answer 9

3

Question 10

How much does the brain weigh at birth?

Answer 10

about 1 pound

Question 11

At year one, a child’s brain doubles in size. What percentage is it of the brain’s eventual adult weight?

Answer 11

90%; 3 pounds by age 4

Question 12

What are 4 factors of an impoverished environment?

Answer 12

1. Limited exposure to language
2. Lack of touch or social interaction
3. Emotional or cognitive neglect
4. Structural change, lack of brain growth, poor nutrition.

Question 13

What are 4 factors of an enriched environment?

Answer 13

1. Self-regulation/self-control of emotions, behaviors, attention, thinking
2. Language and communication
3. Learning that is stimulating and challenging
4. Socially-emotionally, actively participating and interacting

Question 14

The first 3 years constitute a critical period of development of the foundations for what?

Answer 14

vision, language, vocabulary, body movement and muscle control, intellectual and emotional development

Question 15

Why is visual stimulation crucial at birth?

Answer 15

The input of all five senses causes nerve cells to multiply and form connections with other nerve cells.

Question 16

What is the best visual stimulation for a baby’s eyes?

Answer 16

black and white stripes; light and dark contrasting colors

Question 17

The sound of the human voice is essential for what?

Answer 17

neurons to learn language

Question 18

Upon what is learning and language dependent?

Answer 18

the amount of stimulation of the neurons in the sound of language

Question 19

What can parents use to help develop early language skills?

Answer 19

the arts; music, singing, and other creative arts can stimulate a child’s language

Question 20

What can dramatic play and drawing help develop?

Answer 20

vocabulary, concepts and creativity as a part of pre-literacy skill building

Question 21

True or False: Babies whose mothers talk to them more have a larger vocabulary.

Answer 21

True; At 20 months, 131 more words and at 24 months, 295 more words.

Question 22

What is a significant predictor of the child’s tenth-grade reading ability?

Answer 22

the child’s knowledge of the alphabet in Kindergarten

Question 23

How can the IQ of children born into poverty, or born prematurely, be significantly improved?

Answer 23

exposure to playing with toys, games, physical activity, hearing words, proper parenting and other stimuli

Question 24

When does a child’s cognitive development during early childhood begin and what does it include?

Answer 24

It starts at birth and includes pre-reading, language, vocabulary, and numeracy.

Question 25

What happens to the intellectual development of children who are involved in the creative arts process?

Answer 25

there are many opportunities to expand basic concepts, memory, problem-solving skills, and language

Question 26

What is the best primary measuring rod for development and intellectual capabilities of a baby?

Answer 26

emotional exchanges and attachments with parents/caregivers, NOT ability to fit plastic pegs into appropriately shaped holes

Question 27

What happens when infants are exposed to stimuli, both negative and positive, earlier on in life?

Answer 27

they become more emotionally and personally entrenched

Question 28

The emotional importance of learning in the formative years from birth through age 8 of life determines the importance and permanence of what habits?

Answer 28

intelligence, personality and social behavior

Question 29

What are the 7 factors that influence attention?

Answer 29

need, novelty, expectations, intensity of stimuli, meaning/importance, emotions, cognitive dissonance