Kuder Ch.3 Flashcards
Steps in the Process of Speech
- Respiration
- Phonation
- Resonation
- Articulation
- Brain
Respiration
the power supply (starting point)
- inhalation of thoracic muscles, heart and lungs region
- exhalation of abdominal muscles, pelvic region
Phonation
the noise source
-vocal folds of the larynx
Resonation
the tone shapers
-pharynx, mouth, and nasal cavities
Articulation
the producer of speech sounds
-lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, palate
Brain (role in speech process)
the computer center (last step)
Speech and the Central Nervous System
Control of speech production is governed by the central nervous system which is divided two major systems: peripheral and central.
Peripheral Nervous System
includes cranial and spinal nerves that carry motor information from the brain to the muscles in the body
Children develop much of their brain capacity for learning in the first ____ years of life.
3
How much does the brain weigh at birth?
about 1 pound
At year one, a child’s brain doubles in size. What percentage is it of the brain’s eventual adult weight?
90%; 3 pounds by age 4
What are 4 factors of an impoverished environment?
- Limited exposure to language
- Lack of touch or social interaction
- Emotional or cognitive neglect
- Structural change, lack of brain growth, poor nutrition.
What are 4 factors of an enriched environment?
- Self-regulation/self-control of emotions, behaviors, attention, thinking
- Language and communication
- Learning that is stimulating and challenging
- Socially-emotionally, actively participating and interacting
The first 3 years constitute a critical period of development of the foundations for what?
vision, language, vocabulary, body movement and muscle control, intellectual and emotional development
Why is visual stimulation crucial at birth?
The input of all five senses causes nerve cells to multiply and form connections with other nerve cells.
What is the best visual stimulation for a baby’s eyes?
black and white stripes; light and dark contrasting colors
The sound of the human voice is essential for what?
neurons to learn language
Upon what is learning and language dependent?
the amount of stimulation of the neurons in the sound of language
What can parents use to help develop early language skills?
the arts; music, singing, and other creative arts can stimulate a child’s language
What can dramatic play and drawing help develop?
vocabulary, concepts and creativity as a part of pre-literacy skill building
True or False: Babies whose mothers talk to them more have a larger vocabulary.
True; At 20 months, 131 more words and at 24 months, 295 more words.
What is a significant predictor of the child’s tenth-grade reading ability?
the child’s knowledge of the alphabet in Kindergarten
How can the IQ of children born into poverty, or born prematurely, be significantly improved?
exposure to playing with toys, games, physical activity, hearing words, proper parenting and other stimuli
When does a child’s cognitive development during early childhood begin and what does it include?
It starts at birth and includes pre-reading, language, vocabulary, and numeracy.
