Kt1 Flashcards
1509
Marriage to cathrine of aragon
When did henry marry cathrine
1509
When was wolsey appointed to the privy council
1510 - 1 year after Henrys marriage to aragon
1510
Wolsey appointed to privy council
1512-14
War with france - henry had some success but the war was very expensive and he was let down by his allies
When was Henrys first war with france
1512-14 henry had some succes but it was very expensive and he was let down by his allies
1514-18
Henry attempts to renew war with france but couldn’t persuade other countries to join him
1515
Wolsey appointed chancellor of England and became Henrys chief minister
When does wolsey become henrys chief minister
1515
When does wolsey become chancellor of England
1515
1520
Henry meets francis of france at field of cloth of gold
When was the field of cloth of gold
1520
1521
The pope gave henry title defender of the faith for writing a book martin luther
When did the pope name Henry defender of the faith
1521
1522-25
War with france pt 2 nothing achieved and very expensive
Henrys second war with france
1522-25
1525
End of war with france and amicable grant
When was the amicable grant
1525
1526-29
Henry tries to end marriage with Cathrine
1529
Wolsey falls from power after attempting to persuade pope to grant henry annulment-
Dies on his way to face trial for treason
Why would land owners enclose their land
The wool trade - to graze their flocks reducing common kand fir ordinary people and tenant farmers
Wool was exported in particular to the neverlands
When fid arthur die
1502
Henrys style of government
- used Royal council and privy chamber to nake decisions
- delegated power as routine tasks bored him
Genryd initial strengths
- popular - different from father who was unpopular with noblemen and merchants
- handsome renaissance prince
- wife Cathrine was popular with strong conections to growing power spain
- england was rich abd stable not in debt and little threat of rebellion
Henrys initial weaknesses
- naive- only 18 and not raised for kingship
- disinterested- delegation
1498
Wolsey gets degree from Oxford and becomes a priest
When fid wolsey get his degree
1498
Alter rex
Second king what ppl refered go wolsey as due yo his immense power abd influence
Second king
Alter rex
Wolsrys wealth
He had many jobs throughout his life allowing him to accumulate wealth he was 10x richer than his nearest rival
What did wolsey do abt enclosure
Set up an enquiry in 1517 to investigate this practice and reduce the effect on ordinary people - resulting in 260 court cases against landowners - unsuccessful as not much changed and nade enemies
Wolsey and the justice system
- strengthened the star chamber court
- encouraged poor to bring cases to the court and supported cases of poor against the rich
- oversaw many cases himself
Eltham ordinances
- 1526
- list of rules 79 chapters long
- reduced number of gentlemen in the privy chamber from 12 to 6
- fired sick or unneeded servants
- only served food at set times
How Successful were the eltham ordinances
- largely unsuccessful as eolsey lost intrest once he reduced the size of the privy council- his main aim
Subsidys
Tax on income - progressive tax the more you earned the more u payed
Why was the amicanle grant introduced
- king if france had veen defeated by charles v and the Holy Roman Empire and henry wanted to capitalise on this and reclaim land lost to france in the 15th century
- this would help pay for the invasion
Amicable grant
- 1525
- a tax on a third of the property of priests and a sixth of ordinary ppl
- ppl only had 10 weeks to pay the tax
- the tax bypassed parliament and was collected by royal decree
Consequences of the amicable grant
- many refused to pay - rebellion broke out in levenham suffolk of 10k men - later pardoned by the king
- henry postponed french campaign and made peace with france
- wolsey was humiliated and had to take full responsibility
- henry began to doubt Wolseys judgment
Battle of spurs
1514 - final battle in first war agaibst france which ultimately gave henry victory
Treaty of london
- 1518 - diplomatic triumph for wolsey - promised universal peace proposing each state follow a non aggressive foreign policy if one country attacked another they’d risk other countries aiding the attacked
- signed by 20 European leaders abd the pope
- prevented war for 3 years
The Field of cloth of gold
- series of meetings with francis if france 1520 near calais
- showcase of both their wealth and strength though no agreements made
Treaty of bruges
1521 - agreement between charles v and henry that charles would help sieze french territory and the french throne
1522-25
- French war failed as charles went back on the treaty of bruges and gave Henry little military support
- aftee battle if pavia charles ignored henrys suggestion that france ve dividedbetween England and the hapsburg empire snd instead released francis from captivity
- war was unpopular and cost 430k
How much did the second war eith france cost
430k
Henrys short lived alliance with france
- failed as france were defeated by Charles and received very little help from henry damaging his reputation as a reliable ally
- 1525-29
Treaty of cambrai
- 1529 francis negotiated peace deal with Charles v in treaty of cambrai only notifying wolsey when it was too late leaving Britain diplomatically isolated
Successes of henry snd cathrines marriages
- cathribe was a popular wueen due to her charitable work
- was supportive of henry and acted as reagent when he was fighting with france
- strengthened henrys relationship with spain and the Holy Roman Empire
Cathrines pregnancies
- Was pregnant at least six times but only one child (mary) survived
- Cathrine was 6 years older than henry so making another pregnancy and male heir seemed unlikely
Why did henry blame cathrine for lack of male heir
- had an illegitimate son with mistress blount so it couldn’t be his fault
- Old Testament stated - they should be childless
Example of the star chamber court supporting justice
Henry percy - earl of northumberland being sent to prison in 1516
How did wolsey attempt to grant the annulment
- argue dispensation shouldn’t have been granted using leviticus
- claimed the dispensation was misworded and therefore could be broken
- attmpted to persuade rome to have the case heard in england
- get cathrine to renounce the marriage
Why did each of wolseys annulment attempts fail
- shouldn’t have been granted- cathrine used deuteronomy and she argues marriage was never consumated & embarrasing for pope to admit mistake
- misworded - cathrines supporters found correctly worded Spanish versions
- get cathrine to renounce - she didn’t as it would reduce her marriage to her as henrys mistress and daughter would lose claim to throne
- move trial to england - campeggio delays under popes instructions dragging out precedings and eventually saying it was for rome to decide after all case was adjourned in 1529 without a decision reached
Where was the annulment case heared
Blackfriars court
How did Cathrine make annulment case more difficult
Supporters ( including fisher,bishop of rochester, and more ,avisor to king)
+ publicly begged king nit to cast her aside making it hard for henry to make a convincing case
Why did wolsey fall
- domestic and foreign policies- amicable grant forced henry to distance himself from wolseys actions undermining his influence + failure to build stable alliance and the treaty of cambrai left England isolated and vulnerable henry had lost confidence in his skills as a diplomat
- failure to grant annulment - henry became impatient and believed he was working with the pope
- enemies in court - boleyns were of increasng influence and disliked wolsey for inability to grant annulment and plot against him persuading henry alongside wolseys many enemies in court from justice system changes and enclosure
How did wolsey change the star chamber court
- oversaw many cases in person
- increased cases from 12 a year to 120 a year
- made it so rich were not above law i.e earl of northumberland sent to prison in 1516
- argued he did it for revenge i.e sir powlet
