Kruse LOs Flashcards
benzodiazepine MOA?
acts on the GABAa receptor to increase receptor sensitivity to GABA (agonist) and enhances inhibitory neurotransmission
Which drug is commonly used in the perioperative period because of their anxiolytic properties and ability to produce anterograde amnesia?
midazolam (diazepam)
How can the actions of midazolam be terminated?
flumazenil
what drugs contribute to malignant hyperthermia?
succinylcholine + inhaled volatile anesthetic (desflurane, enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane)
What is the antidote for malignant hyperthermia?
dantrolene
What are the signs and symptoms of halothane-induced hepatitis?
anorexia, nausea, myalgias, arthralgias, and rash;
eosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and jaundice
develops 2 days to 3 weeks after exposure
what drugs causes a dissociative anesthetic state characterized by catatonia, amnesia, and analgesia without LOC?
ketamine
what is the MOA of ketamine?
NMDA receptor antagonist
local anesthetics that may be applied topically during wound cleaning?
benzocaine, dibucaine, and lidocaine
which agents have a low blood solubility?
nitrous oxide and desflurane
which agents have a high blood solubility?
halothane
moa of propofol?
GABAa agonist
moa of fosprofol?
prodrug of propofol
moa of etomidate?
enhances the actions of GABA on GABAa receptors
moa of ketamine?
NMDA receptor antagonist
MOA of dexmedetomidine?
alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
moa of barbiturates?
increase the duration of GABAa receptor channel opening
MOA of benzodiazepines?
increase GABAa receptor sensitivity to GABA
how do you treat weakness due to neuromuscular blockade as a result of drug-induced paralysis?
cholinesterase inhibitors: neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and edrophonium
*neostigmine is most commonly used
what is the MOA of cholinesterase inhibitors?
antagonize non-depolarizing blockade by increasing the amount of ACh at the NMJ
in order to treat weakness due to neuromuscular blockade as a result of drug-induced paralysis, identify the drug(s) used to minimize the adverse effects that result from reversal of pharmacological paralysis?
anticholinergic agents (aka antimuscarinic compounds) such as atropine or glycopyrrolate
In order to treat peripheral weakness with sensory changes due to exposure to organophosphates, identify the drug that will relieve skeletal muscle fasciculations and paralysis?
Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime
What is the short acting treatment for MG?
edrophonium
Name two drugs that are used to treat muscle spasticity?
carisoprodol and cyclobenzaprine
what are the adverse effects associated with carisoprodol?
dizziness and drowsiness
addictive potential
metabolized to meprobamate, which has anxiolytic and sedative effects
what are the adverse effects associated with cyclobenzaprine?
drowsiness, dizziness, and xerostomia
antimuscarinic side effects (may cause significant sedation, confusion, and transient visual hallucinations)
what drugs are used to treat MS?
glucocorticoids, glatiramer acetate, interferons, mitoxantrone
what is the MOA of glatiramer acetate?
induce and activate T lymphocyte suppressor cells specific for myelin antigen
what is the MOA of interferons?
acts on BBB by interfering with T cell adhesion
what is the MOA of mitoxantrone?
intercalates into DNA resulting in cross-links and strand breaks
