Kruse

Question 1

Forward typing vs backward typing

Answer 1

• Forward typing = tests for ANTIGENS on the patients cells
• Backward typing = tests for ANTIBODIES in the patients serum

Question 2

Direct coombs tests (AKA direct antiglobulin test (DAT))

Answer 2

• Tests for autoimmune hemolytic reactions
• TESTS FOR ANTIBODY MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS
  
  • antibodies are bound to red blood cells activate complement and result in cell lysis
  • Wash the patients RBCs and expose them to coombs reagent
  • if antibodies are bound to the RBCs the coombs reagent wil bind those antibodies and lead to agglutination

Question 3

Indirect coombs test (AKA indirect antiglobulin test (IAT))

Answer 3

• USED FOR ABO testing, Rh-D testing, and crossmatching of blood products

Question 4

ABO blood type inheritance

Answer 4

• Blood type A –> AA, AO, OA
• Blood type B –> BB, BO, OB
• blood type AB –> AB, BA
• blood type O –> OO

Question 5

ABO antigens and antibodies

Answer 5

Question 6

ABO matching in a pinch

Answer 6

• Type O are universal donors of RBCs
  
  • no A or B antigen on donor cells for recipient antibody to attack
• Type AB are universal donors of Plasma
  
  • no anti-A or anti-B antibody present to attack recipient RBC antigen

Question 7

Bombay phenotype (type O h/h)

Answer 7

• Type O blood is not truely “naked of ANTIGENS
• Most ABO blood displays H antigen
  
  • hh blood typing
  • capital H indicates patient has the antigen
  • lower case h indicates patients lacks antigen
• Type O blood of the bombay phenotype lacks H antigen
  
  • h/h genotype
• type O blood without H antigen will have anti-H antibodies in the serum
• bombay phenotype patients have to receive blood from other bombay phenotype patients

Question 8

RhD

Answer 8

• •Significance of Fetomaternal Hemorrhage (FMH)
• If mom is RhD antigen negative and she is exposed to RhD antigen positive blood, she may form anti-RhD antibodies
• Maternal anti-RhD antibodies can cross the placenta and attack red blood cells of the fetus
• This results in higher risk of fetal demise, newborn death, and newborn hemolysis
• A patient with anti-RhD antibodies given RhD positive blood may have a delayed transfusion reaction