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SON111 Writing Assignments > Kremkau Chapter 2 - Key Terms > Flashcards

Kremkau Chapter 2 - Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption

A

Conversion of sound to heat.

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2
Q

Acoustic

A

Having to do with sound.

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3
Q

Acoustic variables

A

Pressure, density, and particle vibration; sound wave quantities that vary in space and time.

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4
Q

Amplitude

A

Maximum variation of an acoustic variable or voltage.

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5
Q

Attenuation

A

Decrease in amplitude and intensity with distance as a wave travels through a medium.

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6
Q

Attenuation coefficient

A

Attenuation per centimeter of wave travel.

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7
Q

Backscatter

A

Sound scattered back in the direction from witch it originally came.

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8
Q

Bandwitdth

A

Range of frequencies contained in an ultrasound pulse; range of frequencies within which a material, device, or system can operate.

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9
Q

Compression

A

Reduction in differences between small and large amplitudes. Region of high density and pressure in a compressional wave.

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10
Q

Constructive interference

A

Combination of positive or negative pressures.

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11
Q

Continuous wave

A

A wave in which cycles repeat indefinitely; not pulsed. (CW)

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12
Q

Contrast agent

A

A suspension of bubbles or particles introduced into circulation to enhance the contrast between anatomic structures, thereby improving their imaging.

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13
Q

Coupling medium

A

A gel used to provide a good sound path between a transducer and the skin by eliminating the air between the two.

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14
Q

Cycle

A

One complete variation of an acoustic variable.

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15
Q

Decibel

A

Unit of power or intensity ratio; the number of decibels is 10 ties the logarithm (to the base 10) of the power or intensity ratio. (dB)

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16
Q

Density

A

Mass divided by volume.

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17
Q

Destructive intereference

A

Combination of positive and negative pressures.

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18
Q

Duty factor

A

Fraction of time that pulsed ultrasound is on.

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19
Q

Echo

A

Reflection.

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20
Q

Energy

A

Capability of doing work.

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21
Q

Fractional bandwidth

A

Bandwidth divided by operating frequency.

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22
Q

Frequency

A

Number of cycles per second.

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23
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

The primary frequency in a collection of frequencies that can include odd and even harmonics and subharmonics.

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24
Q

Harmonics

A

Frequencies that are even and odd multiples of another, commonly called fundamental or operating frequencies.

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25
Q

Hertz

A

Unit of frequency, one cycle per second; unit of pulse repetition frequency, one pulse per second. (Hz)

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26
Q

Impedance

A

Destiny multiplied by the sound propagation speed.

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27
Q

Incidence angle

A

Angle between incident sound direction and a line perpendicular to the boundary of a medium.

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28
Q

Intensity

A

Power divided by area.

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29
Q

Intensity reflection coefficient

A

Reflected intensity divided by incident intensity; the fraction of incident intensity reflected.

30
Q

Intensity transmission coefficient

A

Transmitted intensity divided by incident intensity; the fraction of incident intensity transmitted into the second medium.

31
Q

Interference

A

Combinations of positive and/or negative pressures

32
Q

Kilohertz

A

One thousand hertz. (kHz)

33
Q

Longitudinal wave

A

Wave in which the particle motion is parallel to the direction of wave travel (compressional wave).

34
Q

Medium

A

Material through which a wave travels.

35
Q

Megahertz

A

One million hertz. (MHz)

36
Q

Nonlinear propagation

A

Sound propagation speed depends on pressure causing the wave shape to change and harmonics to be generated.

37
Q

Oblique insidence

A

Sound direction that is not perpendicular to media boundaries.

38
Q

Penetration

A

Imaging depth.

39
Q

Period

A

Time per cycle.

40
Q

Perpendicular

A

Geometrically related by 90 degrees.

41
Q

Perpendicular incidence

A

Sound direction that is perpendicular to the boundary between media.

42
Q

Power

A

Rate at which work is done; rate at which energy is transferred.

43
Q

Pressure

A

Force divided by the area in a fluid.

44
Q

Propagation

A

Progression or travel.

45
Q

Propagation speed

A

Speed at which a wave moves through a medium.

46
Q

Pulse

A

A brief excursion of a quantity from its normal value; a few cycles.

47
Q

Pulse duration

A

Interval of time of beginning to end of a pulse.

48
Q

Pulse-repetition frequency

A

Number of pulses per second; sometimes called pulse repetition rate. PRF

49
Q

Pulsed ultrasound

A

Ultrasound produced in pulsed form by applying electric pulses or voltages of one or a few cycles to the transducer.

50
Q

Range equation

A

Relationship between round-trip pulse travel time, propagation speed, and distance to a reflector.

51
Q

Rarefaction

A

Region of low density and pressure in a compressional wave.

52
Q

Rayl

A

Unit of impedance.

53
Q

Reflection

A

Change of sound direction on passing from one medium to another.

54
Q

Reflection angle

A

Angle between the reflected sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary.

55
Q

Reflector

A

Media boundary that produces a reflection; reflecting surface.

56
Q

Refraction

A

Change of sound direction on passing from one medium to another.

57
Q

Scatter

A

An object that scatters sound in many directions because of its small size or its surface roughness.

58
Q

Scattering

A

Diffusion or redirection of sound in several directions upon encountering a particle suspension or a rough surface.

59
Q

Sound

A

Traveling wave of acoustic variables.

60
Q

Spatial pulse length

A

Length of space over which a pulse occurs.

61
Q

Speckle

A

The granular appearance of images and spectral displays that is caused by the interference of echoes from the distribution of scatters in tissue.

62
Q

Specular reflection

A

Reflection from a large (relative to wavelength), flat, smooth boundary.

63
Q

Stiffness

A

Property of a medium; applied pressure divided by the fractional volume change produced by the pressure.

64
Q

Strength

A

Nonspecific term referring to amplitude or intensity.

65
Q

Transmission angle

A

Angle between the transmitted sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary.

66
Q

Transverse wave

A

A sound wave in which the transmitted sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary.

67
Q

Ultrasound

A

Sound having frequency greater than what humans can hear (greater than 20 kHz).

68
Q

Wave

A

Traveling variation of one or more quantities

69
Q

Wavelength

A

Length of space of which a cycle occurs.

70
Q

Pulse-repetition frequency

A

PRF. Number of pulses per second; sometimes called pulse repetition rate.

SON111 Writing Assignments (7 decks)

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