KQ2 Flashcards
WHAT USA WANTED FOR LON
wilson wanted a world parliment where representatives of all nations came together regularly to act on matters that affected them all
WHAT BRITAIN WANTED FOR LON
a simple organisation that got together in case of emergencies, this alr existed, called conference of ambassadors
WHAT FRANCE WANTED FOR LON
a strong league with its own army
IDEA OF WHAT LON WAS TO BE
all major nations join
all disarm
if had dispute they take it to LON
promise to accept LONs decisions
promise to protect each other if invaded
if member broke covenant and war all others stop trading and send tropps t stop the fighting
WHY USA CONGRESS DIDNT WANT TO JOIN
LON had to enforce TOV and many americans were against it
didnt want more soldier casualties
if LON imposed sanctions
if LON sanctioned, American economy would suffer the most
some thought LON would be used to protect French and B’s empires and they were against empires
WILSON TRIES TO GET USA TO LON
convinced that if he didnt intervene, another war might follow
became seriously ill
took proposal to congress again march 1920 but failed 49 to 35
republicans campaigned for american isolationalism
LON AIMS
discourage agression
encourage cooperation
encourage disarmament
improve living&working conditions
everywhere
(ARTICLE 10 (collective security) defend lands and interests of all nations
MEMBERSHIP OF LON
b&f most powerfl countries
italy and japan also permanent
b&f both weakened by ww1 and couldnt full in the gap left by USA
USA was the only nation with recources and influence to make LON work (only ones that could effectively sanction)
Other priorities:
b wanted to rebuild british trade and look after its empire
f worried ab germany, concerned that without army LON was unable to protect france
france owuld only be ready to bypass LON if it meant better position w Germany
ORGANISE LEAGUE: COUNCIL
met about 5 times a year + emergencies
included permanent members (J,I,B,F) and temporary members elected by assembly every 3 years
permanent members had a veto
main aim of council was to solve disputes by talking but could also:
morally condem
sanction
military force (with member country armed forces)
ORGANISE LEAGUE: SECRETARIAT
civil service helping all other bodies
kept close records of meetings and prepared reports
brought together experts on key issues (like health and disarmament)
ORGANISE LEAGUE: ASSEMBLY
the leagues parliament
every country sent a representative
could recoment action to council
vote on admitting new members to LON
met once a year
decisions had to be unanimous
PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE
was based in netherlands
made up of judges from member countries
settled disputed peacefully
could give decision on a border dispute
no way of implementing rulings (no army)
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION
brought together employers, governments and worker representatives
aimed to improve working conditions
collected statistics and info ab working conditions
tried to persuade member countries to adopt its sugestions
LON COMISSIONS
mandates comission - (in charge of mandates such as the ones from german’s former colom¡nies)
refugees commitee - helped ww1 refugees
slavery comission (attempted to abolish slavery, especially succesful in east Africa)
health committee - educated people and fought against diseases
CORFU 1923
BORDER DISPUTE
between Greece and Albaniasorted out by coference of ambassadors
italian general sent to sipervise. he was killed
mussolini blamed greek and bombarded and occupied greek island of corfu (15 killed)
greece appeal to LON. LON reached decision but Mussolini did not accept it
Mussolini would have not gotten his way if B&F stood together (b wanted to send warships but couldnt act w/o F, F supported the italians)
Mussolini got his way
GENOVA PROTOCOL 1924
if two members were in dispute they appealed to LON
b&f drew it up
new conservative gov refused t sig so couldnt be forced to do something agaist interest so it eded up weakening league istead of stretheing
BULGARIA 1925
octoer greek trooops invaded bulgaria after accident in border whe some greek soldiers were killed
bulgaria appealed to LO
lon demanded greeks withdraw and pay 45,000 comprensation
greeks complain but obey
b&F backed LON compliment
incident seen as major success for LON
REFUGEE
after ww1 helped 400.000 prisioners return home
refugee crisis turkey 1922 LON prevented diseases like cholera and smallpox spreading in camps
constantly short of funds and in 1930 worked declined when LON had other problems
HEALTH
sponsored research into infectious diseases
helped develop vaccines and medication against diseases like leprosy or malaria
one of most successful committee’s, work continued as WHO
Slavery and forced labour
helped free 200.000 slaves in British owned sierra Leone
challenged use of force labour to build railway in Africa where death rate among workers was 50%, LON brought it down to 4%
other things LON did
when couldn’t act they kept close records (drugs, prostitution, slavery)
recommendations on practical problems like international railway codes for users
Disarmament 1920s
failed
Washington conference 1921 usa, b, j, and F agreed to limit size of navy
failure of disarmament damaged LON reputation in Germany because they had massively disarmed and it wasn’t fair
wasn’t seen as a problem because international agreements seemed to promise peace
Economic recovery
Dawes Plan of 1924 helped G economics problem and also b&f
trade helped reduce political tension
Internationalism
LON became a way in which teh world settled international disputes good w small issues but not major ones
helped leaders develop internationalist mindset (collaborating> competing)
The economic depression
1920 trade and economy prosper, helped countries like Germany economically recover
1930 interdependence meant everyone suffered
lots of unemployment
trade worsened w tariffs
rearmed to get industrys working and people employed
USA economic depression
adopted isolationist policy. LON couldn’t economically sanction w/o them and USA didn’t want because it would damage their economy
Japan Economic depression
silk export declined to USA with depression. missing raw materials so they built empire to take over countries. started with Manchuria 1931
Germany Economic depression
depression= suffer, unemployment, poverty, chaos. Germans elected Hitler who openly planed to invade G neighbours and reverse TOV
Britan economic depression
help itself first then others. didn’t help Manchurian sanctions or sent troops
Italy economic depression
muss tried to build oversees empire to distract people do gov. problems
Manchuria 1931
japonese army controlled south Manchurian railway when Chinese troops allegedly attacked.japan used it as excuse to invade and set up gov. civilian complanies but army in charge
china appeal to LON.officials travel to access situation and full year later (sep 1932) declared Japan should leave Manchuria
Feb 1933 J declared they would invade more. Feb 24 1933 everyone voted against J so they left LON. week later they invaded Jehol
LON was powerless they couldn’t sanction w/o USA and only USA and USSR were string enough to force J out and they weren’t part of LON
showed LON weakness and inspired Hitler and Mussolini
DISARMAMENT FAILURE 1930
also failed i 1920s but now more significant as armies were rearming rapidly (eco depression) and G was furious
conference 1932 resolutions such as prohibit bombing of civilians put into place but couldnt agree on how to enforce them (ie. wouldnt ban these planes that capeable of bombing)
GERMAN DISARMAMENT - no one wanted to disarm to their level but they were reluctant to let them rearm to theirs. October 1933, withrew LON. everyone knew he was secretly rearming so they rearmend even more
British signed agreement 1935 allowing G to build up navy up to 35% of size of british navy, B didnt consult anyone although it violeted TOV
Abyssinia 1935
italy wanted to expan empire by invading, dispute was on LON’s doorstep, had no excuse for failure
1934 dispute at WalWal oasis, 80km in Abyssinia. Muss claimed it was actually Italian territory, demanded an apology and prepared army. Abyssinia appealed to LON
LON took from Jan to Oct 1935 to assess situation, giving I enough time to ship army and propagandise war
B&F desperate to keep good relations with Muss: stressa pact 1935 against germany
public outcry against Muss: a ballot in britain showed majority of british supported using british force if necesary
sep 4 (after 8 months) a resolution was reached but Muss rejected it
October 1935 Muss army was ready, it invaded. Very unfair sides. lon was desgined for this and it was perfectaly placed
covenant decided sancions: ban army sales, imports, loans. delayed whether to sanction oil because it was against economic interest and US might not support it
SUEZ CANAL
not closed during abyssinian crisis.
owned by b&f
would have been highly effective at stopping italy but they were afraid it owuld result in war w them
Hoare-Laval Pact
secret dealing between B&F
dec 1935 foreign ministers Hoare and Laval plotted to give Muss 2/3 of Abyssinia in exchange for stopping invasion
laval even planned w sharing idea w Muss before Abyss or LON
detailes leaked to french press and it was seen as trechery against LON
both fired
lost momentum in sanction disscussions
No oil sanctions
delayed by 1936 LON concuded that if they stopped oil italy would run out of supply in two month, even if US still supplied them
it was too late, muss had alr taken over lare parts of abyss and americans were so disgusted with LON they actually increased exports
consequences abyssinia
March 7th 1936 Hitler marched troops into rhine, french were so desperate for italy support they did not sanction them: prepared to pay price of Abyss
Italy continued to defy LON orders and by may 9th 1936 he had annexed the entire country.
LON had failed
B&F had hoped it would help relations w Italy at least but Nov 1936 Muss and Hiler signed RomeBerlin Axis
Abyssinia background
background-> 1986 italy humiliated and defeated so Muss wanted revenge and also fertile land and mineral wealth. Muss wanted glory and he achieved this through military victories of roman empire.
stressa pact
formal statement between italy france and b against germany rearmament in which they committed to stand united against G
