KQ1: In what ways has the global pattern of tourism changed? Flashcards
define tourism + types
travel away from the home environment a) for leisure, recreation and holidays, b) to visit friends and relations (VFR), and c) for business and professional reasons.
define International tourist receipts:
money spent by visitors from abroad in a destination country
define International tourist arrivals
tourists traveling to a country, which is not their place of residence, for more than one day but not longer than a year
define gloablisation
the increasing interconnectedness of the world economically, culturally and politically
why has tourism has increased?
- Climate
- Attractions
- Festivals/events
- Conferences
- Friends and family
- Relaxation
- Desire to break routine
- Volunteering
- Work/life experience
- Destination
global international tourism reciepts in 2005
$680 billion
2009 international tourism arrivals globally
900 million
why have package holidays aided the growth of toursim
offer a wider range of holidays to a wider range of people
what are some new forms of tourism
eco tourism cruise package holidays cosmetic medical business
which type of country receives the most international tourist arrivals (medc, nic, ledc)
MEDC, although NIC’s + LEDC’s are becoming increasingly popular
ECONOMIC reasons why tourism is increasing
- Expansion of budget airlines
- Globalisation has increased business travel
- The real costs of holidays are declining e.g. flights
- Higher disposable incomes in MEDCs
- ‘Air miles’ encourage people to travel
- Smaller families = more affordable
- Economic growth in NICs/emerging economies/BRICs
SOCIAL reasons why tourism is increasing
- An increase in average number of days of paid leave
- Increasing desire to experience different cultures
- More media coverage = raised expectations
- Increase in migration, so more visits to family + friends
- More information/awareness
- Internet booking makes it easier
POLITICAL reasons why tourism is increasing
- More governments have invested heavily in encouraging tourism
- Government backing for major world events e.g. Olympic Games
variation in tourism levels
EXTERNAL SHOCKS: natural disasters natural processes terrorism health scares OTHER VARIATIONS: exchange rate fluctuations international image increasing competition
define EXTERNAL SHOCK
an economic, political or other trend or event in a major market that significantly reduces the demand for tourism at a particular destination or a range of destinations
NATURAL DISASTERS: examples
earthquake, tsnumai,
volcano eruption: 2010 iceland, blocked air travel across europe for 6 days 95,000 flights cnacelled, airline industry lost $135 million per day
NATURAL PROCESSES examples
erosion, seal level rise:
can ruin attractive landscapes or special features
TERRORISM examples
attacks i.e 9/11 make tourists feel unsafe in certain areas
HEALTH SCARES example
SARS epidemic, china 2003
EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION example
if $ = ↓€ and £, it is expensive for Americans to holiday in Europe
INTERNATIONAL IMAGE exapmle
films/books/media portrayal of a location attracting/dettering visitors eg thailand gained popularity after film adaption of ‘the beach’ with leonardo di caprio
INCREASING COMPETITION
new destinations increasing their market share may be more popular than tradition destinations
STAGES of butler model
- exploration
- involvement
- development
- consolidation
- stagnation
stage 1
EXPLORATION
a. Few tourists but who recommend to others
b. Shops and hotels open, making money
c. Locals have jobs in tourism
stage 2
INVOLVMENT
a. More awareness of area and people visiting area
b. Resort is advertised
c. More shops and hotels open and roads get busier
stage 3
DEVELOPMENT
a. Holiday companies take control and package holidays develop
b. People move here for work
c. Hotels are full in tourist season and most locals employed in tourism
d. Traffic congestion leads to tensions between locals and tourists
stage 4
CONSOLIDATION
a. Main economy = tourism
b. Agricultural land used for hotels
c. Facilities are ‘reserved for tourists’ and tensions rise
stage 5
STAGNATION
a. Peak tourist number … = “too busy” so people go elsewhere
b. = rejuvenation / stabilisation / decline
