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Block 6 Week 3 > Kozel: Survey of Medical Bacteriology Part 2 > Flashcards

Kozel: Survey of Medical Bacteriology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Curved, gram negative rods; zoonotic - found in poultry, contaminated food, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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2
Q

What diseases are caused by campylobacter jejuni?

A

GI disease **most common cause of bacteria gastroenteritis in the US
Septicemia
Guillain-Barre syndrome

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3
Q

Spiral, highly motile, gram-negative rods; humans are the primary reservoir; infection common; life-long colonization; copious urease production; difficult to culture, requires complex medium

A

Helicobacter pylori

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4
Q

Diseases caused by H. pylori?

A

gastritis
gastric ulcers
gastric cancer

*life-long colonization if untreated

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5
Q

Gram-negative rod; oxidase positive; green pigment; mucoid polysaccharide capsule; ubiquitous in nature; highly resistant; requires use of Ab combinations

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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6
Q

What disease are caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A 
pulmonary infection - Cystic fibrosis
infection of burn wounds
UTI
external otitis (swimmer's ear)
bacteremia
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7
Q

Gram-negative rod; multiple species

A

Burkholderia spp

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8
Q

What does B. cepacia cause?
What does B. pseudomallei cause?
What does B. mallei cause?

A

pulmonary infection in patients with underlying lung disease;
melioidosis **biothreat;
glanders in horses **biothreat

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9
Q

Gram-negative coccobacillus; ubiquitous saprophytes in many environments; emerging nosocomial infection; highly resistant to multiple antibiotics

A

Acinetobacter baumanii

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10
Q

What diseases are caused by Acinetobacter baumanii?

A

nosocomial infection in ICUs

wound infection **found in troops coming back from Iraq

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11
Q

Small, gram-negative coccobacilli; nutritional requirements (hemin and NAD); encapsulated

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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12
Q

What does the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine contain?

A

protein conjugate of type b polysaccharide

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13
Q

What diseases are caused by Haemophilus influenzae?

A

meningitis
epiglottitis *life-threatening
acute and chronic otitis media and sinusitis **most common cause along with S. pneumonia

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14
Q

Gram-negative coccobacilli; commensals of oropharynx of healthy animals; infection follows expose to animals via bite, scratches, shared foods

A

Pasteurella multocida

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15
Q

Diseases caused by Pasteurella multocida?

A

cellulitis and lymphadenitis after animal bite **most common after cat bite
respiratory infection
systemic infection

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16
Q

Gram-negative coccobacillus; pertussis toxin

A

Bordetella pertussis

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17
Q

How does the pertussis toxin work?

A

inhibits proteins that regulate adenylate cyclase activity –> increase cAMP levels

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18
Q

What is the vaccine for pertussis made of?

A

a cocktail of purified proteins

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19
Q

What diseases are caused by Bordetella pertussis?

A

pertussis (whooping cough) in unimmunized infants

chronic cough in partially immunized infants

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20
Q

What are the 3 stages in whooping cough?

A

catarrhal stage: sniffling, runny nose, highly infectious
paraoxysmal stage: classic whooping cough
convalescent stage: symptoms resolved

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21
Q

Gram-negative coccobacillus; requires cysteine for growth; facultative intracellular pathogen; zoonotic - primarily RABBITS; insect vectors - hard ticks and biting flies

A

Franciscella tularensis

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22
Q

What diseases are caused by Franciscella tularensis?

A

tularemia:
ulceroglandular *most common form following insect bite or direct inoculation
oculoglandular *after rubbing eye
pneumonic *after inhalation *biothreat

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23
Q

Very small, gram-negative coccobacilli; infects tissue rich in erythritol (uterus, placenta); zoonotic (goats, sheep, cattle, bison, swine, reindeer, caribou)

A

Brucella spp

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24
Q

What diseases are caused by Brucella spp?

A

undulant fever

*biothreat

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25
Q

Slender, pleomorphic gram-negative rods; nutritionally fastidious - require cysteine; replicate inside macrophages and amoebae; common in natural bodies of water and cooling towers

A

Legionella pneumophila

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26
Q

What diseases are caused by Legionella pneumophila?

A

asymptomatic infection
Legionnaire’s disease - severe pneumonia w underlying pulmonary disease
Pontiac fever - self-limiting influenza-like illness

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27
Q

Gram-negative rod; many transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods

A

Bartonella spp

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28
Q

What disease is caused by Bartonella quintana? What’s the vector? What diseases are caused by Bartonella henselae?

A

B. quintana caused trench fever of WWI; vector = human body louse; B. henselae can cause bacillary angiomatosis (vascular proliferative disease) or cat-scratch disease (chronic regional lymphadenopathy)

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29
Q

Long, thin, gram-negative rod; reservoir is rate and other small rodents

A

Streptobacillus moniliformis

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30
Q

What disease is caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis? How do you get infected? Symptoms?

A

rat-bite fever; human infections follow rat bites; fever, headache, maculopapular or petechial rash

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31
Q

Small gram-negative rods; normal flora of upper respiratory tract

A

Eikenella corrodens

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32
Q

What diseases are caused by Eikenelle corrodens?

A

opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients; usu associated w human bite wound or fist fight

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33
Q

Gram-positive rod; anaerobic; spore-forming; ubiquitous in soil, water, and GI tract of humans and animals; numerous toxins and enzymes

A

Clostridium perfringens

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34
Q

What diseases are caused by Clostridium perfringens?

A

cellulitis
fasciitis or suppurative myositis
myonecrosis or gas gangrene
clostridial food poisoning

35
Q

Gram-positive rod; anaerobic; spore-forming; spores in most soils and GI tract of humans and animals; neurotoxin = tetanospasmin

A

Clostridium tetani

36
Q

How does the tetanospasmin neurotoxin work?

A

blocks the release of neurotransmitter for INHIBITORY synapses leading to spastic paralysis

37
Q

What is used in the tetanus vaccine?

A

tetanus toxoid

38
Q

Diseases caused by Clostridium tetani?

A 
generalized tetanus (spread of toxin from local site)
localized tetanus (toxin effects local site)
neonatal tetanus (toxemia after infection of umbilical stump)
39
Q

Gram-positive rod; anaerobic; spore-forming; spores in soil worldwide; botulinum toxin; diagnosis by detection of toxin in patient serum or feces

A

Clostridium botulinum

40
Q

How does the botulinum toxin work?

A

prevents release of ACh leading to flacid paralysis

41
Q

What diseases are caused by Clostridium botulinum?

A

foodborn botulism
infant botulism (usu following honey consumption)
wound botulism

42
Q

Gram-positive rod; anaerobic, spore-forming; colonizes human GI tract, spores common in hospital rooms; two toxins - enterotoxin and cytotoxin; diagnosed by detection of toxins in patient feces

A

Clostridium difficile

43
Q

Diseases caused by Clostridium difficile?

A

pseudomembranous colitis (after broad spectrum Ab)

44
Q

Gram-positive BRANCHING rod; anaerobic; infection is endogenous - poor oral hygiene and dental work; SULFUR granules at sites of infection

A

Actinomyces israelii **homeless man

45
Q

Diseases caused by Actinomyces israelii?

A

oral-cervicofacial infection

46
Q

Small, gram-postive rods; anaerobic; common on skin, sebaceous glands, sweat glands; produces products that stimulate local inflammation

A

Propionibacterium acnes

47
Q

Diseases caused by Propionibacterium acnes?

A

acne vulgaris

opportunistic infections in patients with prosthetic devices or IVs

48
Q

Gram-negative rod; anaerobic; pleomorphic; colonizes human upper respiratory tract, GI tract, and GU tract

A

Bacterioides fragilis

49
Q

Diseases caused by Bacterioides fragilis?

A 
head and neck infection
intra-abdominal infection
gynecologic infection
skin and soft tissue infection
bacteremia
50
Q

Acid-fast, aerobic rods; cell wall rich in lipids; slow growth; intracellular pathogen (grows in un-activated macrophage); disease is due to host response

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

51
Q

What is MDR-TB?

A

multiple drug resistance!

52
Q

What disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

tuberculosis
most infections are asymptomatic and latent
can be pulmonary or extrapulmonary

53
Q

Acid-fast, aerobic rods; cell wall rich in lipids; obligate intracellular pathogen; no culture; disease due to host response

A

Mycobacterium leprae

54
Q

What diseases (2) are caused by mycobacterium leprae?

A
  1. tuberculoid leprosy

2. lepromatous leprosy

55
Q

Which form of leprosy is this?

Strong cellular immune response, but relatively few bacteria

A

Tuberculoid leprosy

56
Q

Which form of leprosy is this?

Strong Ab response but defect in cellular response; abundant bactera; most infectious form

A

Lepromatous leprosy

57
Q

Acid-fast, aerobic rods; cell wall rich in lipids; common in soil and water; acquired via ingestion of contaminated water or food

A

Mycobacterium avium complex

58
Q

Diseases caused by mycobacterium avium?

A

asymptomatic colonization
chronic localized pulmonary disease
disseminated disease in AIDS patients

59
Q

Gram-positive rods with filamentous forms that resemble hyphae; weakly acid-fast; ubiquitous in soil rich with organic matter; serious disease in immunocompromised patients

A

Nocardia spp

60
Q

Diseases caused by Nocardia?

A

bronchopulmonary disease
lymphocutaneous disease
brain abscess

61
Q

Spirochete with gram-negative-like cell wall; humans are the only natural host; cannot be cultures; darkfield microscopy of primary lesion or serology in later stages

A

Treponema pallidum

62
Q

What diseases are caused by Treponema pallidum?

A

primary syphilis *painful chancre at site
secondary syphilis *disseminated disease
latent *serology will detect this
tertiary syphilis *multiple organs damaged
congenital syphilia

63
Q

Spirochete with gram-negative-like cell wall; zoonotic; leading vector-borne disease in US; reservoir is mice and deer; vectors include hard-shelled ticks

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

64
Q

Which form of Borrelia burgdorferi is found in a mouse host?

A

larval form vs adult form in deer

**larval form accounts for 90% of human disease

65
Q

What disease does Borrelia burgdorferi cause?

A

Lyme disease

66
Q

What are some characteristics of lyme disease?

A

bull’s eye skin lesion

arthritis, neurologic, cardiac

67
Q

Spirochete with gram-negative-like cell wall; relapses because bacterium varies expression of lipoprotein coat to escape immune surveillance

A

Borrelia

68
Q

Diseases caused by Borrelia?

A

endemic relapsing fever

epidemic relapsing fever

69
Q

Spirochete with gram-negative-like cell wall; zoonotic - rodents, dogs, farm animals, wild animals; infection via contact with water, food or soil contaminated with infected animal urine

A

Leptospira interrogans

70
Q

Diseases caused by Leptospira interrogans?

A

leptospirosis - most disease is mild
systemic disease presents as aseptic meningitis
Weil syndrome - overwhelming disease

71
Q

Smallest free-living bacterium; no cell wall; membrane with sterols from host serum; strictly human pathogen; transmission via aerosal droplet

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

72
Q

Treatment for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

macrolides (azythromycin) or quinolones

73
Q

Diseases caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

tracheobronchitis and pharyngitis

atypical (walking) pneumonia

74
Q

Small form similar to gram-negative rods; obligate intracellular parasites; hard ticks are both reservoir and vector

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

75
Q

What test is used to diagnose Rickettsia rickettsii?

A

Weil-Felix agglutination - tests for Ab

76
Q

What important disease is caused by Rickettsia ricettsii? What are the symptoms?

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever; headache, fever, malaise, myalgias, nausea, macular rash with centripetal spread (hands and feet then spreads to trunk)

77
Q

Small form similar to gram-negative bacteria; obligate intracellular parasite - cytoplasmic vacioles of hematopoietic cells; zoonotic - deer, mice, voles; vector is ticks

A

Ehrlichia and Anaplasma

78
Q

Small gram-negative, “spore”-forming bacterium; obligate intracellular growth
Zoonotic – cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and cats
Infection due to inhalation or unpasteurized milk
Extreme environmental stability

A

Coxiella burnetii

79
Q

Diseases caused by Coxiella burnetii?

A

Q fever - acute (pneumonia, hepatitis, fever) or chronic (endocarditis) *biothreat

80
Q

Small gram-negative rods with no peptidoglycan layer; obligate intracellular parasite; two forms (metabolically active vs inactive)

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

81
Q

What type of “bodies” are found in the infectious form vs non-infectious form of Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

infectious - elementary bodies

non-infectious - reticulate bodies

82
Q

Treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis infection?

A

azithromycin or doxycycline

83
Q

Diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease
trachoma - global infections cause blindness
lymphogranuloma vereneum - STD which extends to lymph nodes

84
Q

This parasite has the same properties as Chlamydia trachomatis and can cause Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Chlamydophila psittaci or parrot fever (birds are the reservoir)

A

Chlamydophila spp

Block 6 Week 3 (6 decks)

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