Kozel: Survey of Medical Bacteriology Part 2 Flashcards by Megan Foggia

Curved, gram negative rods; zoonotic - found in poultry, contaminated food, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water

Campylobacter jejuni

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What diseases are caused by campylobacter jejuni?

GI disease **most common cause of bacteria gastroenteritis in the US
Septicemia
Guillain-Barre syndrome

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Spiral, highly motile, gram-negative rods; humans are the primary reservoir; infection common; life-long colonization; copious urease production; difficult to culture, requires complex medium

Helicobacter pylori

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Diseases caused by H. pylori?

gastritis
gastric ulcers
gastric cancer

*life-long colonization if untreated

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Gram-negative rod; oxidase positive; green pigment; mucoid polysaccharide capsule; ubiquitous in nature; highly resistant; requires use of Ab combinations

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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What disease are caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

pulmonary infection - Cystic fibrosis
infection of burn wounds
UTI
external otitis (swimmer's ear)
bacteremia

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Gram-negative rod; multiple species

Burkholderia spp

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What does B. cepacia cause?
What does B. pseudomallei cause?
What does B. mallei cause?

pulmonary infection in patients with underlying lung disease;
melioidosis **biothreat;
glanders in horses **biothreat

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Gram-negative coccobacillus; ubiquitous saprophytes in many environments; emerging nosocomial infection; highly resistant to multiple antibiotics

Acinetobacter baumanii

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What diseases are caused by Acinetobacter baumanii?

nosocomial infection in ICUs

wound infection **found in troops coming back from Iraq

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Small, gram-negative coccobacilli; nutritional requirements (hemin and NAD); encapsulated

Haemophilus influenzae

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What does the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine contain?

protein conjugate of type b polysaccharide

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What diseases are caused by Haemophilus influenzae?

meningitis
epiglottitis *life-threatening
acute and chronic otitis media and sinusitis **most common cause along with S. pneumonia

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Gram-negative coccobacilli; commensals of oropharynx of healthy animals; infection follows expose to animals via bite, scratches, shared foods

Pasteurella multocida

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Diseases caused by Pasteurella multocida?

cellulitis and lymphadenitis after animal bite **most common after cat bite
respiratory infection
systemic infection

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Gram-negative coccobacillus; pertussis toxin

Bordetella pertussis

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How does the pertussis toxin work?

inhibits proteins that regulate adenylate cyclase activity –> increase cAMP levels

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What is the vaccine for pertussis made of?

a cocktail of purified proteins

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What diseases are caused by Bordetella pertussis?

pertussis (whooping cough) in unimmunized infants

chronic cough in partially immunized infants

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What are the 3 stages in whooping cough?

catarrhal stage: sniffling, runny nose, highly infectious
paraoxysmal stage: classic whooping cough
convalescent stage: symptoms resolved

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Gram-negative coccobacillus; requires cysteine for growth; facultative intracellular pathogen; zoonotic - primarily RABBITS; insect vectors - hard ticks and biting flies

Franciscella tularensis

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What diseases are caused by Franciscella tularensis?

tularemia:
ulceroglandular *most common form following insect bite or direct inoculation
oculoglandular *after rubbing eye
pneumonic *after inhalation *biothreat

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Very small, gram-negative coccobacilli; infects tissue rich in erythritol (uterus, placenta); zoonotic (goats, sheep, cattle, bison, swine, reindeer, caribou)

Brucella spp

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What diseases are caused by Brucella spp?

undulant fever

*biothreat

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Slender, pleomorphic gram-negative rods; nutritionally fastidious - require cysteine; replicate inside macrophages and amoebae; common in natural bodies of water and cooling towers

Legionella pneumophila

What diseases are caused by Legionella pneumophila?

asymptomatic infection Legionnaire's disease - severe pneumonia w underlying pulmonary disease Pontiac fever - self-limiting influenza-like illness

Gram-negative rod; many transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods

Bartonella spp

What disease is caused by Bartonella quintana? What's the vector? What diseases are caused by Bartonella henselae?

B. quintana caused trench fever of WWI; vector = human body louse; B. henselae can cause bacillary angiomatosis (vascular proliferative disease) or cat-scratch disease (chronic regional lymphadenopathy)

Long, thin, gram-negative rod; reservoir is rate and other small rodents

Streptobacillus moniliformis

What disease is caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis? How do you get infected? Symptoms?

rat-bite fever; human infections follow rat bites; fever, headache, maculopapular or petechial rash

Small gram-negative rods; normal flora of upper respiratory tract

Eikenella corrodens

What diseases are caused by Eikenelle corrodens?

opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients; usu associated w human bite wound or fist fight

Gram-positive rod; anaerobic; spore-forming; ubiquitous in soil, water, and GI tract of humans and animals; numerous toxins and enzymes

Clostridium perfringens

What diseases are caused by Clostridium perfringens?

cellulitis fasciitis or suppurative myositis myonecrosis or gas gangrene clostridial food poisoning

Gram-positive rod; anaerobic; spore-forming; spores in most soils and GI tract of humans and animals; neurotoxin = tetanospasmin

Clostridium tetani

How does the tetanospasmin neurotoxin work?

blocks the release of neurotransmitter for INHIBITORY synapses leading to spastic paralysis

What is used in the tetanus vaccine?

tetanus toxoid

Diseases caused by Clostridium tetani?

``` generalized tetanus (spread of toxin from local site) localized tetanus (toxin effects local site) neonatal tetanus (toxemia after infection of umbilical stump) ```

Gram-positive rod; anaerobic; spore-forming; spores in soil worldwide; botulinum toxin; diagnosis by detection of toxin in patient serum or feces

Clostridium botulinum

How does the botulinum toxin work?

prevents release of ACh leading to flacid paralysis

What diseases are caused by Clostridium botulinum?

foodborn botulism infant botulism (usu following honey consumption) wound botulism

Gram-positive rod; anaerobic, spore-forming; colonizes human GI tract, spores common in hospital rooms; two toxins - enterotoxin and cytotoxin; diagnosed by detection of toxins in patient feces

Clostridium difficile

Diseases caused by Clostridium difficile?

pseudomembranous colitis (after broad spectrum Ab)

Gram-positive BRANCHING rod; anaerobic; infection is endogenous - poor oral hygiene and dental work; SULFUR granules at sites of infection

Actinomyces israelii **homeless man

Diseases caused by Actinomyces israelii?

oral-cervicofacial infection

Small, gram-postive rods; anaerobic; common on skin, sebaceous glands, sweat glands; produces products that stimulate local inflammation

Propionibacterium acnes

Diseases caused by Propionibacterium acnes?

acne vulgaris | opportunistic infections in patients with prosthetic devices or IVs

Gram-negative rod; anaerobic; pleomorphic; colonizes human upper respiratory tract, GI tract, and GU tract

Bacterioides fragilis

Diseases caused by Bacterioides fragilis?

``` head and neck infection intra-abdominal infection gynecologic infection skin and soft tissue infection bacteremia ```

Acid-fast, aerobic rods; cell wall rich in lipids; slow growth; intracellular pathogen (grows in un-activated macrophage); disease is due to host response

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What is MDR-TB?

multiple drug resistance!

What disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

tuberculosis most infections are asymptomatic and latent can be pulmonary or extrapulmonary

Acid-fast, aerobic rods; cell wall rich in lipids; obligate intracellular pathogen; no culture; disease due to host response

Mycobacterium leprae

What diseases (2) are caused by mycobacterium leprae?

1. tuberculoid leprosy | 2. lepromatous leprosy

Which form of leprosy is this? Strong cellular immune response, but relatively few bacteria

Tuberculoid leprosy

Which form of leprosy is this? Strong Ab response but defect in cellular response; abundant bactera; most infectious form

Lepromatous leprosy

Acid-fast, aerobic rods; cell wall rich in lipids; common in soil and water; acquired via ingestion of contaminated water or food

Mycobacterium avium complex

Diseases caused by mycobacterium avium?

asymptomatic colonization chronic localized pulmonary disease disseminated disease in AIDS patients

Gram-positive rods with filamentous forms that resemble hyphae; weakly acid-fast; ubiquitous in soil rich with organic matter; serious disease in immunocompromised patients

Nocardia spp

Diseases caused by Nocardia?

bronchopulmonary disease lymphocutaneous disease brain abscess

Spirochete with gram-negative-like cell wall; humans are the only natural host; cannot be cultures; darkfield microscopy of primary lesion or serology in later stages

Treponema pallidum

What diseases are caused by Treponema pallidum?

primary syphilis *painful chancre at site secondary syphilis *disseminated disease latent *serology will detect this tertiary syphilis *multiple organs damaged congenital syphilia

Spirochete with gram-negative-like cell wall; zoonotic; leading vector-borne disease in US; reservoir is mice and deer; vectors include hard-shelled ticks

Borrelia burgdorferi

Which form of Borrelia burgdorferi is found in a mouse host?

larval form vs adult form in deer **larval form accounts for 90% of human disease

What disease does Borrelia burgdorferi cause?

Lyme disease

What are some characteristics of lyme disease?

bull's eye skin lesion | arthritis, neurologic, cardiac

Spirochete with gram-negative-like cell wall; relapses because bacterium varies expression of lipoprotein coat to escape immune surveillance

Borrelia

Diseases caused by Borrelia?

endemic relapsing fever | epidemic relapsing fever

Spirochete with gram-negative-like cell wall; zoonotic - rodents, dogs, farm animals, wild animals; infection via contact with water, food or soil contaminated with infected animal urine

Leptospira interrogans

Diseases caused by Leptospira interrogans?

leptospirosis - most disease is mild systemic disease presents as aseptic meningitis Weil syndrome - overwhelming disease

Smallest free-living bacterium; no cell wall; membrane with sterols from host serum; strictly human pathogen; transmission via aerosal droplet

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Treatment for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

macrolides (azythromycin) or quinolones

Diseases caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

tracheobronchitis and pharyngitis | atypical (walking) pneumonia

Small form similar to gram-negative rods; obligate intracellular parasites; hard ticks are both reservoir and vector

Rickettsia rickettsii

What test is used to diagnose Rickettsia rickettsii?

Weil-Felix agglutination - tests for Ab

What important disease is caused by Rickettsia ricettsii? What are the symptoms?

Rocky Mountain spotted fever; headache, fever, malaise, myalgias, nausea, macular rash with centripetal spread (hands and feet then spreads to trunk)

Small form similar to gram-negative bacteria; obligate intracellular parasite - cytoplasmic vacioles of hematopoietic cells; zoonotic - deer, mice, voles; vector is ticks

Ehrlichia and Anaplasma

Small gram-negative, “spore”-forming bacterium; obligate intracellular growth Zoonotic – cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and cats Infection due to inhalation or unpasteurized milk Extreme environmental stability

Coxiella burnetii

Diseases caused by Coxiella burnetii?

Q fever - acute (pneumonia, hepatitis, fever) or chronic (endocarditis) *biothreat

Small gram-negative rods with no peptidoglycan layer; obligate intracellular parasite; two forms (metabolically active vs inactive)

Chlamydia trachomatis

What type of "bodies" are found in the infectious form vs non-infectious form of Chlamydia trachomatis?

infectious - elementary bodies | non-infectious - reticulate bodies

Treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis infection?

azithromycin or doxycycline

Diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease trachoma - global infections cause blindness lymphogranuloma vereneum - STD which extends to lymph nodes

This parasite has the same properties as Chlamydia trachomatis and can cause Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Chlamydophila psittaci or parrot fever (birds are the reservoir)

Chlamydophila spp