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Block 6 Week 3 > Kozel: Survey of Medical Bacteriology > Flashcards

Kozel: Survey of Medical Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

Gram-positive cocci in chains; beta hemolytic on blood agar; group specific carbohydrate; type specific protein M; numerous toxins, adhesins & antiphagocytic components; catalase negative, bacitracin sensitive, Group A antigen

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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2
Q

What are some disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A 
Pharyngitis
Scarlet fever
Pyoderma
Erysipelas
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
Rheumatic heart disease
Acute glomerulonephritis
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3
Q

Gram positive cocci in chains; beta hemolytic; group specific cell wall carbohydrate (Group B), type specific antiphagocytic capsular polysaccharide; catalase negative, CAMP positive, group B antigen

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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4
Q

What are some diseases caused by streptococcus agalactiae?

A

major cause of meningitis in newborn
early onset neonatal disease
late onset neonatal disease
infection in adults

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5
Q

Gram positive cocci in chains; alpha hemolytic; antigenic typing - no carbohydrate antigen; catalase negative, optochin resistant

A

Viridans streptococci

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6
Q

What other alpha hemolytic bacteria must you differentiate Viridans streptococci from? How do you do so?

A

S. pneumoniae is catalase negative, optochin sensitive, and bile soluble

**Viridans streptococci is catalase negative, optochin RESISTANT

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7
Q

What are some diseases caused by Viridans streptococci?

A

endocarditis
bacteremia in neutropenic patients
dental caries

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8
Q

Lancet-shaped, gram positive cocci in pairs; alpha hemolytic; antigenic typing - antiphagocytic capsular polysaccharide

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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9
Q

What kind of vaccine is used for streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

capsular polysaccharide or CPS-protein conjugate

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10
Q

What are some diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

pneumonia **most common cause of bacterial pneumonia
meningitis **very common cause of meningitis
bacteremia
sinusitis and otitis media

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11
Q

What is one risk factor for Streptococcus pneumoniae infection?

A

sickle cell disease

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12
Q

Gram positive cocci; antigenic typing - group D cell wall polysaccharide

A

enterococci

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13
Q

What are the two most important species of enterococci?

A

E. faecalis and E. faecium

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14
Q

What is unique about enterococci?

A

they are highly resistant to antibiotics ex: vancomycin

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15
Q

What are some diseases caused by enterococci?

A

UTI
wound infection
bacteremia and endocarditis

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16
Q

Gram positive cocci in clusters; catalase positive, coagulase positive, protein A on surface

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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17
Q

What makes Stapholococcus aureus virulent?

A

adhesive and antiphagocytic factors, toxins and enzymes

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18
Q

What is unique about MRSA?

A

MRSA = methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus - altered penicillin binding protein, so penicillins cannot bind to their target - encoded by mecA gene

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19
Q

What are some suppurative (puss-forming) infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

A 
impetigo
folliculitis
furuncles/boils
carbuncles
bacteremia
endocartidis
osteomyelitis
septic arthritis
pneumonia and empyema
brain absesses
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20
Q

What are some toxin-mediated infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

A

food poisoning
toxic shock syndrome
scalded skin syndrome

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21
Q

Gram positive cocci; catalase positive; coagulase-negative

A

Coagulase-negative staphylococci

**sort of a “catch all” group

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22
Q

What is the primary species of coagulase-negative staphylococci?

A

S. epidermidis

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23
Q

What makes coagulase-negative staphylococci, like S. epidermidis, virulent?

A

biofilm and extracellular polysaccharide

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24
Q

What are some diseases caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci?

A

endocarditis
catheter and shunt infections
UTIs

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25
Q

What organism causes UTIs in young, sexually active women?

A

S. saprophyticus

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26
Q

Gram negative diplococci; outer surface with multiple virulence factors/antigens; diagnosis by nucleic acid amplification

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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27
Q

What is the trouble with Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

it is resistant to most antibiotics!

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28
Q

What are some diseases caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

gonorrhea - venereal disease
disseminated infections
ophthalmia neonatorum - occular infection acquired at birth

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29
Q

Gram-negative diplococci; antiphagocytic group-specific capsular polysaccharide; endotoxin produces inflammation

A

Neisseria meningitidis

30
Q

What is used in the vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis?

A

capsular polysaccharide or CPS-protein conjugate

31
Q

What diseases are caused by Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Meningitis in young adults

Meningococcemia - disseminated infection w petechia and purpura

32
Q

What types of patients are susceptible to repeated meningitis attacks?

A

patients with deficiencies in terminal complement proteins

33
Q

Aerobic, large gram-positive, spore-forming rod; capsular POLYPEPTIDE - poly-glutamic acid - antiphagocytic; three toxins

A

Bacillus anthracis

34
Q

What are the three toxins released from bacillus anthracis?

A

protective antigen
edema factor
lethal factor

35
Q

What is the treatment for anthrax infection?

A

ciprofloxacin

36
Q

What are some diseases caused by bacillus anthracis?

A

cutaneous anthrax - black eschar formation
GI anthrax - ulcers at site of invasion
inhalation anthrax - non-specific signs followed by severe sepsis

37
Q

Aerobic, large gram-positive spore-forming rod; ubiquitous in soil worldwide; two enterotoxins

A

Bacillus cereus

38
Q

What are some diseases caused by bacillus cereus?

A

food poisoning - vomiting and diarrhea
ocular infection - traumatic penetrating injury
severe pulmonary disease

39
Q

Aerobic, gram-positive, motile coccobacilli; facultative intracellular pathogen; grows at 4degrees C and contaminates food

A

Listeria monocytogenes

40
Q

What is the treatment for listeria monocytogenes infection?

A

penicillin alone or with gentamycin

41
Q

What are some diseases caused by listeria monocytogenes?

A

contaminated food or transplacental spread
neonatal disease
asymptomatic or influenza-like disease in adults
can cause disease in utero or shortly after birth in pregnant women

42
Q

Aerobic, thin, pleomorphic, gram-positive rods in filaments; zoonotic - colonizes pigs, turkeys, fish

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

43
Q

What is the drug of choice for erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

penicillin

44
Q

What are some diseases caused by erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

erysipeloid - painful, pruritic inflammatory skin lesion at site of trauma
generalized cutaneous disease
septicemia leading to endocarditis

45
Q

Aerobic, pleomorphic gram-positive rods; diphtheria toxin; grows in a special media (ex: cystein-tellurite agar)

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

46
Q

What is the vaccine used against corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

diphtheria toxoid

47
Q

What diseases are caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

respiratory diphtheria

cutaneous diphtheria

48
Q

Exudative pharyngitis evolving to pseudomembrane

Release of toxin to produce myocarditis and neurotoxicity

A

respiratory diphtheria

49
Q

chronic, non-healing ulcer following contact with infected person

A

cutaneous diphtheria

50
Q

Gram-negative; fermentative rod; normal flora of GI tract; 5 different pathogenic groups with distinct toxins

A

Escherichia coli

51
Q

Diseases caused by Escherichia coli?

A

Gastroenteritis
**most common cause of UTI
neonatal meningitis
septicemia

52
Q

Gram-negative, non-fermenting rod; most infections via contaminated food like poultry or eggs; over 2500 O serotypes

A

Salmonella enterica

**Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are highly adapted to humans

53
Q

What diseases are caused by Salmonella enterica?

A

Gastroenteritis
Septicemia
Enteric fever - typhoid fever produced by S. Typhi
Asymptomatic colonization - usu gallbladder

54
Q

Gram-negative, non-fermenting rod; four species; shiga toxin damages intestinal epithelium - A-B toxin; humans are the only reservoir

A

Shigella spp.

55
Q

What diseases are caused by Shigella spp?

A

shigellosis - gastroenteritis - watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever and bloody stools
asymptomatic carries are reservoirs

56
Q

Gram-negative rod; zoonotic - reservoirs are rats, squirrels, rabbits; Y. pestis found in fleas; large historical importance - 3 major pandemics

A

Yersinia spp.

57
Q

What are some diseases caused by Yersinia spp?

A

Y. pestis is particularly virulent and causes plague (Bubonic plague - spread via fleas; Pneumonic plague - spread via aerosol)
Y. entercolitica and Y. pseudoTB - enterocolitis following eating meat, milk, or water

58
Q

Gram-negative, fermentative rod; encapsulated - antiphagocytic

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

59
Q

What are some diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?

A

pneumonia - usually in patients with impaired pulmonay defense
UTI
sepsis

60
Q

Gram-negative rod, urease positive; motile - swarms on bacteria plates; urease hydrolyzes urea to ammonia, which makes for alkaline urine and leads to kidney stones

A

Proteus mirabilis

61
Q

What disease is caused by Proteus mirabilis?

A

UTI with crystal formation

62
Q

Gram-negative rod; red pigment; ubiquitous in damp areas

A

Serratia marcesens

63
Q

What are some diseases caused by Serratia marcesens?

A

Nosocmial infection in neonates and compromised patients
UTI
Respiratory tract infection
Wound infection

64
Q

Gram-negative rod; >20 species; ubiquitous to fresh and brackish water

A

Aeromonas spp

65
Q

What are some diseases caused by Aeromonas spp?

A

diarrheal disease in otherwise healthy people
wound infection
opportunistic systemic disease

66
Q

Curved gram-negative rod; requires salt for growth; Cholera toxin; transmitted via consumption of contaminated food or water

A

Vibrio cholerae

67
Q

What diseases are associated with Vibrio cholerae?

A

asymptomatic or self-limited diarrhea

watery diarrhea with rice water stool

68
Q

Curved gram-negative rod; requires salt for growth; seen in estuarine and marine environments

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

69
Q

What are the two most common diseases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus?

A

**most common cause of gastroenteritis in Japan and SE Asia
**most common cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in the US
can also cause wound infection if exposed to contaminated water

70
Q

Curved, gram-negative rod; requires salt for growth; Infection occurs via exposure to contaminated SALT WATER or ingestion of contaminated SHELLFISH; responsible for most Vibrio-related deaths in the US

A

Vibrio vulnificus

71
Q

What diseases are caused by Vibrio vulnificus?

A

septicemia after consuming raw oysters

wound infection after exposure to contaminated water

Block 6 Week 3 (6 decks)

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