Korean Grammer In Use: Introduction To Korean Flashcards by Megan Gipson

What are the 2 Korean sentence structures?

1: A subject, predicate (verb) sentence structure.
2: A subject, object, predicate (verb) sentence structure.

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What are particles?

Particles express the role that their respective words play in sentences.

They are attached to certain words in Korean sentences.

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What is the particle for a subject of a sentence?

이 or 가.

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What is the particle for the object of a sentence?

을 or 를.

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What is the particle for the adverbial of a sentence?

에 or 에게.

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The predicate of a Korean sentence ALWAYS come _______ of the sentence, meanwhile the order of the subjects, objects, and adverbial _______ depending on the intention of the speaker.

At the end, changes

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Each part of a sentence can be identified because of the _______ attached you it.

Particles

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How are Korean verbs and adjectives conjugated?

According to tense, politeness level, passive and causative forms, and speech levels.

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Verbs and adjectives consist of _______ and _______, with their base forms comprised of the word stem plus _______.

A word stem, a word ending, 다

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What are the 2 ways to connect sentences in Korean?

1: Using conjunctive adverbs.
2: Using conjunctive endings.

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What is the conjunctive adverb for AND?

그리고

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What is the conjunctive adverb for BUT?

그렇지만

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What is the conjunctive adverb for SO/THEREFORE?

그런데

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When connecting 2 sentences with a CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB, it is sufficient simply to place the conjunctive adverb between the two sentences. However, when using a CONJUNCTIVE ENDING, the ending must _________ to the _________ of the __________ of the preceding sentence to connect 2 sentences.

Attached, word stem, predicate

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What are the 4 main sentence types in Korean?

1: declarative
2: interrogative
3: imperative
4: propositive

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What are the 3 main types of speech styles in Korean?

1: formal polite
2: informal polite
3: informal plain

What is the formal polite style?

1: It is represented as -(스)ㅂ니다.
2: It is used in formal or public situations such as the military, news reporting, presentations, meetings, and lectures.
3: It uses different forms for all 4 sentence types.

What is the informal polite style?

1: It is represented as -아/어요.
2: It is used the most in daily life.
3: It is used among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances.
4: It is softer and less formal.
5: It uses the same form for all 4 types of sentences.

What is the informal plain style?

1: It is represented as -아/어.
2: It is mainly used among intimate friends, by superiors towards persons of lower rank, and among family members.
3: It is considered rude when used towards someone you don’t know personally or aren’t close with.

What is the stem used for declarative formal polite sentences?

(스)ㅂ니다
1: -(스)ㅂ니다 is used when the word stem ends in a consonant.
2: -ㅂ니다 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel.

What is the stem used for informal polite sentences?

아/어요
1: -아요 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel.
2: -어요 is used when the word stem ends in a consonant.

What is the stem used for interrogative formal polite sentences?

(스)ㅂ니까?
1: -습니까 is used when the word stem ends in a consonant.
2: -ㅂ니까 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel.

What is the stem used for interrogative informal polite sentences?

아/어요?
1: -아요 is used when the word stem ends in a consonant.
2: -어요 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel.

What is the stem used for imperative formal polite sentences?

(으)십시오
1: -으십시오 is used when the word stem ends in a consonant.
2: -십시오 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel.

What is the stem used for imperative informal polite sentences?

Naturally, -아/어요 is used BUT what should be used is -(으)세요 because it’s a more polite expression. 1: 으세요 is used when the word stem ends in a consonant. 2: 세요 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel.

What is the stem used for propositive formal sentences?

-(으)ㅂ시다 This can be used when speaking to someone who is younger or the same age as you. This CANT be used when speaking to a superior due to it being improper. 1: -읍시다 is used when the word stem ends in a consonant. 2: -ㅂ시다 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel.

What is the stem used for propositive informal polite sentences?

- 아/어요 1: -아요 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel. 2: -어요 is used when the word stem ends in a consonant.

Due to the influence of _______ _______ on Korean society, it is common for Korean speakers to use both _________ and __________ forms of speech in conversation according to age, family relationships, social status, and social distance (degree of intimacy).

Confucian thought, honorific, humble

When are honorifics used?

When the subject of the sentence is a person older than the speaker, a senior member of one’s family, or a person of higher social rank. When the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age.

How do you honor the subject?

By adding -(으)시 to the stems of adjectives and verbs. 1: -시 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel. 2: -으시 is used when the word stem ends in a consonant.

What are final endings used for?

To express the degree of respect.

How are final endings formed?

They can be formed from each of the formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain styles.

The honorific forms of some verbs are ____ ____________ by adding -(으)시 to the verb stem but rather by using a ___________ _____ _____ altogether.

Not expressed, different verb form

T/F Some nouns have honorific counterparts.

True.

T/F Honorific particles can be used after nouns indication people.

True

Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding what suffix?

-님

Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an action by using what words?

1: To speak (말하다) = 말씀드리다 2: To give (주다) = 드리다 3: To ask (묻다) = 여쭙다 4: To meet (보다/만나다) = 뵙다

T/F The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering his or her own status.

True

T/F In Korean, it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name or title rather than pronouns such as 당신 (you), 너 (you), 그 (he/him), 그녀 (she/her), and 그들 (they/them).

True