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Basic Korean Workbook Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hangul?

A

The Korean alphabet made up of 21 vowels and 19 consonants.

Created by King Sejong the Great.

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2
Q

What are bright vowels?

A

Vowels that sound sonorous to Korean native speakers.

ㅏ, ㅗ, ㅙ, ㅘ, ㅐ, ㅒ

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3
Q

What are the dark vowels?

A

ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅝ, ㅞ, ㅖ

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4
Q

What are the neutral vowels?

A

ㅣ, ㅡ

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5
Q

What is the rule about bright and dark vowels?

A

They can’t combine with each other.

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6
Q

What is the basic unit of a Korean letter?

A

A syllable.

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7
Q

How is a Korean letter complete?

A

It must have at least 1 consonant and a vowel.

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8
Q

What do you do when a pronunciation of only a vowel occurs?

A

Use the consonant ㅇ as a silent placeholder (since it doesn’t make a sound when appeared before a vowel).

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9
Q

What are the 3 ways a syllable can be written?

A

1: Vowel-consonant.
2: Consonant-vowel.
3: Consonant-vowel-consonant.

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10
Q

What is the position of the vowel symbols compared to the consonants?

A

The vowel is to the right or below the consonant; however, if the symbol has a consonant after a vowel, it is always below the vowel.

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11
Q

What is the rule about consonants in syllables?

A

Korean syllables don’t start with 2 consonants (simultaneously).

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12
Q

How does the spelling convection affect Hangul?

A

Korean spellings don’t change just because it reads differently from its symbol combinations.

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13
Q

What is the word order for Korean?

A

Subject-object-verb (SOV).

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14
Q

Where are verbs/adjectives, modifiers, and particles placed in Korean sentences?

A

Verbs and adjectives appear at the end of sentences.

Modifiers paper before modified words.

Particles appear after the nouns.

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15
Q

Where do nouns, adverbs, and numbers go in a Korean Sentence?

A

Before verbs and adjectives.

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16
Q

What is the subject particle?

A

가

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17
Q

What is the locative particle?

A

에서

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18
Q

What is the object particle?

A

를, 을

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19
Q

What is the topic particle?

A

은, 는

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20
Q

What happens to the Korean sentence structure because of particles?

A

They don’t always follow SOV, so the Korean nouns (as subjects or objects) can be freely arranged in a sentence.

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21
Q

What delimited the meaning of nouns in Korean?

A

Changing the word orders or using special particles.

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22
Q

Where do the most important elements tend to cluster in Korean?

A

Toward the end of the sentence.

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23
Q

Are Korean sentences that have no subject or object and only a verb or adjective grammatically correct?

A

Yes.

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24
Q

How are names written in Korean?

A

Last name, first name.

(Ex: Gipson Megan).

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25
How are addresses written in Korean?
Name of country, province, city, street, house number, name of receiver.
26
How are dates written in Korean?
Year, month, day. (Ex: 2001, September 21).
27
Why is Korean an honorific language?
It has grammatical elements that are used to indicate social meanings involved in context.
28
What are the humble person pronoun forms?
1: 저희 (first person plural). 2: 저 (first person singular).
29
What is SOV format?
Subject-object-verb.
30
What are the Korean word classes?
1: Nouns. 2: Pronouns. 3: Particles (that attach to a noun and indicate grammatical relationships or add special meanings). 4: Numbers and counters. 5: Verbs (that indicate action or progress). 6: Adjectives (that indicate state or quality). 7: Copula (that indicate an equation all expression: 이다 “to be” and 아니다 “be not”). 8: Adverbs. 9: Prenouns (that appear before a noun, like English demonstrative such as this, that, these, and those).
31
What are inflicted words?
Words with added affixes to the original word in order to indicate grammatical features such as tense, number, aspect, and person.
32
What category of words undergo inflection?
Verbs and adjectives.
33
What category of words don’t undergo inflection?
Nouns, pronouns, numbers, adverbs, and prenouns.
34
What are the 3 components that constitute Korean nouns? What are their percentages?
1: Native Korean words (35%). 2: Sino-Korean words (60%). 3: Loan words (5%).
35
What are the 2 morphemes used to comprise Korean nouns?
Single and multi-morphemes. (Ex.SM: 나무 “tree”, 산 “mountain”). (Ex.MM: 화산 “volcano”= 한 “fire”+ 산 “mountain”).
36
How are nouns consisting of 2 morphemes normally formed?
Through either a derivational or a compounding process.
37
What is the derivational formation?
It takes an affix (prefix or suffix), which normally appears in a noun and/or predicate.
38
What is a prefix?
The affix that appears before a word.
39
What is a suffix?
A affix that appears after a word.
40
How is something that is more that one item (Ex: pencils, markers, candies, etc.) marked in Korean?
They aren’t necessarily marked. In Korean, nouns are not specific about the number in that it doesn’t have the grammatical category of a number.
41
What is the suffix that can be attached after a countable noun to indicate the plurality of the noun?
들
42
How do nouns appear in a Korean sentence?
1: By itself. 2: Before particles. 3: Before another noun. 4: Before copula.
43
What is the symbol for the copula and how do nouns connect with it?
Copula is 이다 (or 이에요 with polite speech level). Korean nouns can serve as the sentence predicate with the copula.
44
What does the predicate refer to?
The part that explains it says something about the subject; a verb or an adjective phrase that modified the subject.
45
What is a rule about stems?
They don’t stand alone (always conjugated by various or inflectional endings).
46
Why are adjectives considered descriptive verbs?
There is no obvious structural difference between verbs and adjectives.
47
What are vowel-based verbs?
Verbs that are syllables that consist more around vowels.
48
What are consonant-based verbs?
Verbs that are syllables that consist more around consonants.
49
What are vowel-based adjectives?
Adjectives that are syllables that consist more around vowels.
50
What are consonant-based adjectives?
Adjectives that are syllables that consist more around consonants.
51
What are the 2 types of endings in Korean?
Pre-final endings and final endings.
52
What are pre-final endings?
Inflectional elements that come between the stem and the final ending. They include the honorific suffix -(으)시, past tense marker 었/았, etc..
53
What are the 2 types of final endings?
1: One that ends a verb or adjective but not the sentence (non-sentence-final ending). 2: One that ends both the verb and the sentence (sentence-final ending).
54
What are the 6 speech levels in Korean?
1: Deferential (highest). 2: Polite. 3: Blunt. 4: Familiar. 5: Intimate. 6: Plain.
55
What do the speech level endings indicate?
The speaker’s interpersonal relationship with the addressees or attitude towards them.
56
What are the 4 types of endings for the speech levels?
1: Declarative (statement). 2: Interrogative (question). 3: Imperative (command/request). 4: Propositive (suggestion).
57
What are the endings for deferential speech?
Declarative 1: -습니다 (used when stem ends in a consonant) 2: -ㅂ니다 (used when stem ends in a vowel) Interrogative 1: -습니까 (used when stem ends in a consonant) 2: -ㅂ니까 (used when stem ends in a vowel) Imperative 1: -(으)십시오 (used when stem ends in a constonant; (으) is excluded when stem ends in a vowel) Propositive 1: -(으)십시다 (used when stem ends in a constonant; (으) is excluded when stem ends in a vowel)
58
What are the endings for polite speech?
Declarative 1: -어요 (used when stem ends in any other vowel) 2: -아요 (used when stem ends in 아 or 요) Interrogative 1: -어요 (used when stem ends in any other vowel) 2: -아요 (used when stem ends in 아 or 요) Imperative 1: -어요 (used when stem ends in any other vowel) 2: -아요 (used when stem ends in 아 or 요) Propositive 1: -어요 (used when stem ends in any other vowel) 2: -아요 (used when stem ends in 아 or 요)
59
What are the endings for blunt speech?
Declarative 1: -(으)오 Interrogative 1: -(으)오
60
What are the endings for familiar speech?
Declarative 1: -네 Interrogative 1: -나 2: -는가 Imperative 1: -게 Propositive 1: -세
61
What are the endings for intimate speech?
Declarative 1: -어 2: -아 Interrogative 1: -어 2: -아 Imperative 1: -어 2: -아 Propositive 1: -어 2: -아
62
What are the endings for plain speech?
Declarative: 1: -(느)ㄴ다 Interrogative 1: -(으)나 2: -냐 Imperative 1: -어라 2: -아라 Propositive 1: -자
63
Which 2 speeches are declining in use among younger generations?
Blunt and familiar speech.
64
True or false, choosing the right speech level is critical, and it all depends on who you talk to?
True.
65
What is the most commonly used speech level?
Polite speech level.
66
When should you use deferential speech level?
In a public and/or formal communication setting, such as broadcasting, public speech, business-related meetings, conference presentations, etc..
67
When should you use polite speech level?
Addressing someone of senior status in a casual, non-formal, and everyday type of conversations; with friends if their friendship began in adulthood; talking to strangers.
68
What is the most commonly used speech level?
Polite speech level.
69
When should you use deferential speech level?
In a public and/or formal communication setting, such as broadcasting, public speech, business-related meetings, conference presentations, etc..
70
When should you use polite speech level?
Addressing someone of senior status in a casual, non-formal, and everyday type of conversations; with friends if their friendship began in adulthood; talking to strangers.
71
What is vowel contraction referring to in Korean?
When similar or the same 2 vowels appear together, the vowels tend to be contracted.
72
What doesn’t follow the vowel contraction rule?
The copula 이다 “be”, 아니다 “be not”, and the verb 하다 “do”.

Korean (20 decks)

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