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Korean > Basic Korean Workbook Notes > Flashcards

Basic Korean Workbook Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hangul?

A

The Korean alphabet made up of 21 vowels and 19 consonants.

Created by King Sejong the Great.

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2
Q

What are bright vowels?

A

Vowels that sound sonorous to Korean native speakers.

ㅏ, ㅗ, ㅙ, ㅘ, ㅐ, ㅒ

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3
Q

What are the dark vowels?

A

ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅝ, ㅞ, ㅖ

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4
Q

What are the neutral vowels?

A

ㅣ, ㅡ

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5
Q

What is the rule about bright and dark vowels?

A

They can’t combine with each other.

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6
Q

What is the basic unit of a Korean letter?

A

A syllable.

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7
Q

How is a Korean letter complete?

A

It must have at least 1 consonant and a vowel.

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8
Q

What do you do when a pronunciation of only a vowel occurs?

A

Use the consonant ㅇ as a silent placeholder (since it doesn’t make a sound when appeared before a vowel).

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9
Q

What are the 3 ways a syllable can be written?

A

1: Vowel-consonant.
2: Consonant-vowel.
3: Consonant-vowel-consonant.

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10
Q

What is the position of the vowel symbols compared to the consonants?

A

The vowel is to the right or below the consonant; however, if the symbol has a consonant after a vowel, it is always below the vowel.

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11
Q

What is the rule about consonants in syllables?

A

Korean syllables don’t start with 2 consonants (simultaneously).

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12
Q

How does the spelling convection affect Hangul?

A

Korean spellings don’t change just because it reads differently from its symbol combinations.

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13
Q

What is the word order for Korean?

A

Subject-object-verb (SOV).

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14
Q

Where are verbs/adjectives, modifiers, and particles placed in Korean sentences?

A

Verbs and adjectives appear at the end of sentences.

Modifiers paper before modified words.

Particles appear after the nouns.

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15
Q

Where do nouns, adverbs, and numbers go in a Korean Sentence?

A

Before verbs and adjectives.

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16
Q

What is the subject particle?

A

가

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17
Q

What is the locative particle?

A

에서

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18
Q

What is the object particle?

A

를, 을

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19
Q

What is the topic particle?

A

은, 는

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20
Q

What happens to the Korean sentence structure because of particles?

A

They don’t always follow SOV, so the Korean nouns (as subjects or objects) can be freely arranged in a sentence.

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21
Q

What delimited the meaning of nouns in Korean?

A

Changing the word orders or using special particles.

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22
Q

Where do the most important elements tend to cluster in Korean?

A

Toward the end of the sentence.

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23
Q

Are Korean sentences that have no subject or object and only a verb or adjective grammatically correct?

A

Yes.

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24
Q

How are names written in Korean?

A

Last name, first name.

(Ex: Gipson Megan).

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25
Q

How are addresses written in Korean?

A

Name of country, province, city, street, house number, name of receiver.

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26
Q

How are dates written in Korean?

A

Year, month, day.

(Ex: 2001, September 21).

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27
Q

Why is Korean an honorific language?

A

It has grammatical elements that are used to indicate social meanings involved in context.

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28
Q

What are the humble person pronoun forms?

A

1: 저희 (first person plural).
2: 저 (first person singular).

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29
Q

What is SOV format?

A

Subject-object-verb.

30
Q

What are the Korean word classes?

A

1: Nouns.
2: Pronouns.
3: Particles (that attach to a noun and indicate grammatical relationships or add special meanings).
4: Numbers and counters.
5: Verbs (that indicate action or progress).
6: Adjectives (that indicate state or quality).
7: Copula (that indicate an equation all expression: 이다 “to be” and 아니다 “be not”).
8: Adverbs.
9: Prenouns (that appear before a noun, like English demonstrative such as this, that, these, and those).

31
Q

What are inflicted words?

A

Words with added affixes to the original word in order to indicate grammatical features such as tense, number, aspect, and person.

32
Q

What category of words undergo inflection?

A

Verbs and adjectives.

33
Q

What category of words don’t undergo inflection?

A

Nouns, pronouns, numbers, adverbs, and prenouns.

34
Q

What are the 3 components that constitute Korean nouns? What are their percentages?

A

1: Native Korean words (35%).
2: Sino-Korean words (60%).
3: Loan words (5%).

35
Q

What are the 2 morphemes used to comprise Korean nouns?

A

Single and multi-morphemes.

(Ex.SM: 나무 “tree”, 산 “mountain”).

(Ex.MM: 화산 “volcano”= 한 “fire”+ 산 “mountain”).

36
Q

How are nouns consisting of 2 morphemes normally formed?

A

Through either a derivational or a compounding process.

37
Q

What is the derivational formation?

A

It takes an affix (prefix or suffix), which normally appears in a noun and/or predicate.

38
Q

What is a prefix?

A

The affix that appears before a word.

39
Q

What is a suffix?

A

A affix that appears after a word.

40
Q

How is something that is more that one item (Ex: pencils, markers, candies, etc.) marked in Korean?

A

They aren’t necessarily marked. In Korean, nouns are not specific about the number in that it doesn’t have the grammatical category of a number.

41
Q

What is the suffix that can be attached after a countable noun to indicate the plurality of the noun?

A

들

42
Q

How do nouns appear in a Korean sentence?

A

1: By itself.
2: Before particles.
3: Before another noun.
4: Before copula.

43
Q

What is the symbol for the copula and how do nouns connect with it?

A

Copula is 이다 (or 이에요 with polite speech level).

Korean nouns can serve as the sentence predicate with the copula.

44
Q

What does the predicate refer to?

A

The part that explains it says something about the subject; a verb or an adjective phrase that modified the subject.

45
Q

What is a rule about stems?

A

They don’t stand alone (always conjugated by various or inflectional endings).

46
Q

Why are adjectives considered descriptive verbs?

A

There is no obvious structural difference between verbs and adjectives.

47
Q

What are vowel-based verbs?

A

Verbs that are syllables that consist more around vowels.

48
Q

What are consonant-based verbs?

A

Verbs that are syllables that consist more around consonants.

49
Q

What are vowel-based adjectives?

A

Adjectives that are syllables that consist more around vowels.

50
Q

What are consonant-based adjectives?

A

Adjectives that are syllables that consist more around consonants.

51
Q

What are the 2 types of endings in Korean?

A

Pre-final endings and final endings.

52
Q

What are pre-final endings?

A

Inflectional elements that come between the stem and the final ending.

They include the honorific suffix -(으)시, past tense marker 었/았, etc..

53
Q

What are the 2 types of final endings?

A

1: One that ends a verb or adjective but not the sentence (non-sentence-final ending).
2: One that ends both the verb and the sentence (sentence-final ending).

54
Q

What are the 6 speech levels in Korean?

A

1: Deferential (highest).
2: Polite.
3: Blunt.
4: Familiar.
5: Intimate.
6: Plain.

55
Q

What do the speech level endings indicate?

A

The speaker’s interpersonal relationship with the addressees or attitude towards them.

56
Q

What are the 4 types of endings for the speech levels?

A

1: Declarative (statement).
2: Interrogative (question).
3: Imperative (command/request).
4: Propositive (suggestion).

57
Q

What are the endings for deferential speech?

A

Declarative

1: -습니다 (used when stem ends in a consonant)
2: -ㅂ니다 (used when stem ends in a vowel)

Interrogative

1: -습니까 (used when stem ends in a consonant)
2: -ㅂ니까 (used when stem ends in a vowel)

Imperative
1: -(으)십시오 (used when stem ends in a constonant; (으) is excluded when stem ends in a vowel)

Propositive
1: -(으)십시다 (used when stem ends in a constonant; (으) is excluded when stem ends in a vowel)

58
Q

What are the endings for polite speech?

A

Declarative

1: -어요 (used when stem ends in any other vowel)
2: -아요 (used when stem ends in 아 or 요)

Interrogative

1: -어요 (used when stem ends in any other vowel)
2: -아요 (used when stem ends in 아 or 요)

Imperative

1: -어요 (used when stem ends in any other vowel)
2: -아요 (used when stem ends in 아 or 요)

Propositive

1: -어요 (used when stem ends in any other vowel)
2: -아요 (used when stem ends in 아 or 요)

59
Q

What are the endings for blunt speech?

A

Declarative
1: -(으)오

Interrogative
1: -(으)오

60
Q

What are the endings for familiar speech?

A

Declarative
1: -네

Interrogative

1: -나
2: -는가

Imperative
1: -게

Propositive
1: -세

61
Q

What are the endings for intimate speech?

A

Declarative

1: -어
2: -아

Interrogative

1: -어
2: -아

Imperative

1: -어
2: -아

Propositive

1: -어
2: -아

62
Q

What are the endings for plain speech?

A

Declarative:
1: -(느)ㄴ다

Interrogative

1: -(으)나
2: -냐

Imperative

1: -어라
2: -아라

Propositive
1: -자

63
Q

Which 2 speeches are declining in use among younger generations?

A

Blunt and familiar speech.

64
Q

True or false, choosing the right speech level is critical, and it all depends on who you talk to?

A

True.

65
Q

What is the most commonly used speech level?

A

Polite speech level.

66
Q

When should you use deferential speech level?

A

In a public and/or formal communication setting, such as broadcasting, public speech, business-related meetings, conference presentations, etc..

67
Q

When should you use polite speech level?

A

Addressing someone of senior status in a casual, non-formal, and everyday type of conversations; with friends if their friendship began in adulthood; talking to strangers.

68
Q

What is the most commonly used speech level?

A

Polite speech level.

69
Q

When should you use deferential speech level?

A

In a public and/or formal communication setting, such as broadcasting, public speech, business-related meetings, conference presentations, etc..

70
Q

When should you use polite speech level?

A

Addressing someone of senior status in a casual, non-formal, and everyday type of conversations; with friends if their friendship began in adulthood; talking to strangers.

71
Q

What is vowel contraction referring to in Korean?

A

When similar or the same 2 vowels appear together, the vowels tend to be contracted.

72
Q

What doesn’t follow the vowel contraction rule?

A

The copula 이다 “be”, 아니다 “be not”, and the verb 하다 “do”.

Korean (20 decks)

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