Korean 202 Final Grammar Flashcards
았/었더니
(Verb)
It is used when explaining that a certain result in the present is caused from a certain event in the past
ie. 식당에 늦게 갔더니 음식이 별로 없었어요 (I went to the restaurant late, and there wasn’t much food left.)
-a time difference after the first and second clause
- while ‘-아/어서’ emphasizes the reason, ‘-았/었더니’ emphasizes the result.
자마자
(verb)
something occurs immediately following the end of some event or action.(as soon as/right after)
ie. 수업이 끝나자마자 학생들은 교실을 나갔어요.(As soon as the class ended, the students left the classroom)
을 테니까
(Verb/Adj)
give reason for suggestion or advice (because it might..you should)
ie. 시험이 어려울 테니까 공부를 많이 하세요. (The exam might be difficult, so study a lot.)
ie.제가 저녁을 살 테니까 미나 씨는 커피를 사세요.(I’ll pay for dinner, so Mina, you buy the coffee)
-softer version of ‘ㄹ-/을 거니까’.
-‘아/어서’ cannot be used with commands
● 맵다 (ᄇ) → 매울 테니까
● 듣다 (ᄃ) → 들을 테니까
● 멀다 (ᄅ) → 멀 테니까
● 만들다 (ᄅ) → 만들 테니까
아/어지다
(Verb)
thing/action was done by another person
ie.가: 무슨 일이에요?
나: 컵이 깨졌어요. 유리로 만들어진 컵이었나 봐요.
(The cup broke. It must have been made of glass.)
ie.커피가 쏟아졌어요.(The coffee spilled)
ie. 케이크가 만들어졌다. (The cake was made (by Stitch)
> > this passive tense must be used when this can’t be used: ‘-이/히/리/기’ to the verb stem. (verb with object)
았/었다가
(Verb)
show that a certain action is completed and changed into another action. (and then)
ie. 서점에 갔다가 친구를 만났어요. (I went to the bookstore and then I met a friend.)
ie. 식당에 사람이 없었다가 갑자기 많아졌어요. (There were no people in the restaurant, then suddenly it got crowded.)
-the completion of the action
던데요
(Verb/adj)
something contradictory to what the other person has just said (I actually think that..)
ie.가: 이번 시험이 아주 쉬웠지요?
(This exam was very easy, wasn’t it?)
나: 아니요. 저는 지난 시험보다 더 어렵던데요.
(No, I found it harder than the last exam)
- can be used mid-sentence to indicate the present situation is contrary to the past situation.
ie.어제는 많이 춥던데 오늘은 따뜻하네요. (It was very cold yesterday, but it’s warm today.)
아/어도
(Verb/Adj)
a situation occurs regardless of the previous action or state (even if, regardless of)
ie. 택시를 타도 늦을 것 같아요. (I think I will be late even if I take a taxi.)
-adding ‘아무리’ in front:
ie. 아무리 바빠도 밥을 먹어야 해요.(No matter how busy you are, you still have to eat.)
ㄹ/을/일지 모르겠다
(Verb/Adj/Noun)
express concern or worry about the situation which is not absolute. (I am not sure/uncertain)
ie. 점심을 어디에서 먹을지 잘 모르겠어요.(I am not sure where I will eat lunch)
- cannot be used in the past tense
● 맵다 (ᄇ) → 매울지 모르겠다
● 듣다 (ᄃ) → 들을지 모르겠다
● 멀다 (ᄅ) → 멀지 모르겠다
● 만들다 (ᄅ) → 만들지 모르겠다
느라고
(Verb)
when a negative result or consequence
occurs due to your decision (while..(negative))
ie. 쇼핑하느라고 돈을 다 썼어요 (I spent all my money because I was shopping)
- the negative consequence happens at the same time
-past tense form ‘-았/었-’ cannot be used
던
(Verb/Adj)
recall or reflect on a behavior or habitual act that was repeated regularly over a certain period of time but is not anymore. (used to)
ie.이 공원은 제가 어렸을 때 종종 가던 곳이에요. (This park is a place I often went to when I was young.)
OR
recollection of something that was started in
the past but has not ended/been completed yet.
ie. 우리가 보던 드라마가 이번 주에 끝났어요.(The drama we were watching ended this week)
ie. 이것은 제가 자주 사용하던 가방이에요.(This is the bag I used to use often)
-었던 => completed, while 던 something repeated or not yet completed
밖에
(Noun)
only thing or option available (only/nothing but)
ie. 손님이 한 명밖에 없어요.(There is only one customer)
-requires a negative expression
»‘없다, 모르다’ or any other negation with ‘안, 못’.
-‘밖에’ cannot be followed by 아니다.
-‘밖에’ cannot be followed by -세요/-ㅂ시다.
- ‘밖에’ is used in negative sentences only while ‘만’ can be used in both positive and negative
다가
(Verb)
describe an interruption or an event that happens in the middle of another action
ie.집에 가다가 친구를 만났어요. (You met a friend on the way to home.)
OR
doing something, but then something bad happened
ie. 쇼핑하다가 지갑을 잃어버렸어요.(I lost my wallet while I was shopping)
-subjects are the same
-the new action or state occurs before the first one has ended.
-ㄴ/은/는 줄 알았다
(Verbs/Adj/Noun)
speaker is mistaken or incorrect (I hadn’t realized, I didn’t know)
ie.아, 저는 음악을 듣는 줄 알았어요. (I thought you were listening to music.)
- (verb): ㄴ/은(past), 는(present), ㄹ/을 future
- (adj): ㄴ/은(present),ㄹ/을 future
- (noun): 이었는/였는(past), 인(present),일(future)
(으/이)면 되다
(Verb/Adj)
show the minimum required to achieve a result (you just have to/everything will be ok if)
ie. 노래를 듣고 따라하면 돼요. (You just need to listen to the song and follow along)
아/어 있다
(Verb)
express a continuous state of a completed action (-ing/ed)
ie. 학생들이 앉아 있어요. (The students are sitting)
ie. 창문이 열려 있어요. (The window is opened.)
- ‘-이/히/리/기’ to the verb stem. (verb with object)
»> 놓이다, 쓰이다, 쌓이다, 닫히다, 잡히다, 막히다, 열리다, 걸리다, 들리다, 안기다, 씻기다, 끊기다
-‘to put on’ or ‘to wear’ use 고 있어요
(이)나
(Noun)
express the number or amount is much higher than expected (as much/many as/at least)
ie. 쉬지 않고 공부를 세 시간이나 했어요. (I studied for at least three hours without taking a break)
- surprise
부터
(Noun)
When a noun is the first thing to do (first)
ie. 냉장고에 우유부터 넣으세요. (Put the milk first in the refrigerator.)
- can be used with particles (가,는,라도,의)
ie. 내일부터가 정말 바쁠 거예요.(I’ll be really busy starting tomorrow.)
고 나서
(Verb)
When one action follows another (after -ing)
ie. 일을 하고 나서 쉬었어요. (I worked and then rested or After working, I rested.)
- different than 고 because this implies first action done
