Kohleberg

Question 1

What is morality?

Answer 1

How you believe you should treat people - sense of right and wrong.

Question 2

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 2

Operant conditioning is learning through consequences, where if behaviour is positively rewarded it will be repeated.
- Chaney, funhaler.

Question 3

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Classical conditioning is where behaviour is learnt through association
- Pavlov’s dogs.
- Associate the bell with food so they start to salivate.

Question 4

What is social learning theory?

Answer 4

Social learning theory is learning through association.
- Bandura, BOBO doll.

Question 5

What is pre-conventional in the level of moral development?

Answer 5

Aged 4-10.
Good i.e.. moral behaviour is determined by avoidance of punishments and getting rewards.

Question 6

What is conventional in the level of development?

Answer 6

Child seeks to conform to the rules of family, social group or nation and to help maintain the rules.

Question 7

What is post-conventional in the level of development?

Answer 7

Acts according to universal principles that exit from the authority or groups that hold them.

Question 8

What is the obedience principle and when is it?

Answer 8

Infancy.
No difference between doing the right and wrong thing and avoiding punishment.

Question 9

What is the instrumental orientation and when is it?

Answer 9

Pre-school.
Interest shifts to rewards rather than punishment.
Effort is made to secure the greatest benefit of oneself.

Question 10

What is the good boy/good girl principle and when is it?

Answer 10

School-age.
Effort is made to secure approval and maintain friendly relations with others.

Question 11

What is the authority and social order principle and when is it?

Answer 11

School-age.
Orientation towards fixed rules. The purpose of morality is to maintain social order.

Question 12

What is the social construct principle and when is it?

Answer 12

Teens.
Mutual benefit. Morally right and legally right are not the same thing.

Question 13

What is the universal principle and when is it?

Answer 13

Adulthood.
Morality is based on principles that transcend mutual benefit.

Question 14

What were the moral reasons?

Answer 14

Kohlberg’s approach was to emphasise how thinking changes with age.
He proposed that the six stages formed a sequence that is followed in the same order for all people.

Question 15

What was the aim?

Answer 15

To show how as young adolescents developed into young adulthood, that they move through 6 levels of moral thinking. He also studied moral development in other cultures.

Question 16

What method was the study?

Answer 16

A longitudinal cross cultural study.

Question 17

Why was it this method?

Answer 17

He studied the development of the same group of American (Chicago) boys for 12 years.
He also studied five other cultures.

Question 18

How was the data collected?

Answer 18

Semi-structured interviews.
Presenting children with moral dilemmas and asking them a series of questions on how the character should behave.
Some questions were altered based on the PP’s response.

Question 19

What was the IV?

Answer 19

Age

Question 20

What was the DV?

Answer 20

Stage of development

Question 21

What were the key characteristics for the sample?

Answer 21

75 PPs
American (Chicago)
Male
10-16 start of study
22-28 end of study

Question 22

Data was also collected from what other countries?

Answer 22

Great Britain
Canada
Taiwan
Mexico
Turkey

Question 24

What were PPs asked to do?

Answer 24

Listen to the dilemma and then were asked a selection of closed questions.

Question 25

When were the PPs assessed?

Answer 25

PPs were assessed at either 10,13 or 16 years old.
Thereafter, each boy was tested every 3/4 years until the age of 22-28.

Question 26

How did Kohlberg assess moral reasoning?

Answer 26

Each PP level of moral development was assessed by giving them a moral dilemma such as the Heinz Dilemma. Children were a series of open questions asking to explain the reasoning behind their decision.

Question 27

How were the questions adjusted?

Answer 27

Based on previous responses.

Question 28

What would each stage of moral reasoning argue about the Heinz situation?

Answer 28

1. Punishment orientation - not steal - don’t want to be punished.
2. Instrumental orientation - steal - they save the wife which makes him happy.
3. Good girl / Good boy orientation - steal ( maintain relationship with the wife) - not steal (if he steals he is a bad person).
4. Authority orientation - not steal - the rules are to not steal, the boss was the highest authority.
5. Social contract orientation - steal - it moral to save the wife, mutual benefit.
6. Universal ethical principles - steal (the value of life is greater than theft) - not steal (respect of the company)

Question 29

Where did he test in rural villages?

Answer 29

Malaysia and Taiwan

Question 30

What dilemma was changed in the rural villages?

Answer 30

Taiwanese boys aged 10-13, changed the dilemma to a starving wife and stealing food.