Kohlberg's theory Flashcards
3 domains in which moral development takes place
affective
behavioural
cognitive
affective
feelings about moral issues, e.g., things like – feeling good, feeling bad, righteous indignation, feeling sorry, upset, virtuous, etc. – associated with Freud – the superego (development of conscience) – also SLT – imitation and assimilation of external value, standards and ideals
behavioural
what people actually do when confronted with a moral issue or dilemmas – early work (in 1920s by Hartshorne and May) – more recent work by Talwar and Lee and others
cognitive
how you reason about moral issues – most influential work by Piaget and Kohlberg
when can children be said to live in a world of moral issues?
The young infant, whatever it does, will not do anything that we could consider ‘naughty’/’bad’
The development of emotions, self-awareness and awareness of others is discussed with particular reference to 2 broad types of emotions – basic/primary emotions and self-conscious emotions
basic/primary emotions
present in early infancy/birth
Inc. surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust
self-conscious emotions
develop after first 6 months
Inc. embarrassment, envy, consciousness, pride, shame, guilt, empathy
Thought that full range of adult emotions present by 3 years, though may develop more subtle manifestations thereafter
model of emotional development
see notes
affective aspect of morality
Shame and guilt are common mechanisms for internalisation of social and moral values and standards
They play a key role in child’s interactions with others
Often appear in similar situations
Are involved in self-evaluation (e.g., the person failed social standards) – related to the self
Require self-reflection
Provide feedback on social acceptability
are shame and guilt different?
Types of eliciting events
Public v private nature of transgression
Emotion eliciting event due to self/behaviour
Hide v amend
Empathy v distress
Constructive v destructive anger
types of eliciting events
(e.g., cheating, stealing, lying, disobedience etc. but these types of events aren’t differentially associated with shame or guilt only)
public v private nature of transgression
(shame is linked to public exposure and disapproval while guilt to a private conscience experience – but there was no empirical support)
emotion eliciting event due to self/behav
(shame associated with a neg evaluation of the global self while guilt associated with neg evaluation of specific behaviour – supported by experiments and correlational studies)
hide v amend
shame results in defensiveness, distancing and separation – guilt results in constructive actions, apologies, undoing the consequences of wrong behaviour
empathy v distress
shame results in egocentric (self-focus) distress while guilt result in empathetic concern and perspective taking
constructive v destructive anger
shame results in anger, hostility, neg consequences for themselves and for their r’ship while guilt results in nonhostile discussion and direct corrective action
see notes for piaget
.
Kohlberg
American psych born in NY in 1927
Known for theory of stages of moral development
Earned bachelor’s degree at Uni of Chicago in one year and served as professor at universities of Chicago and Harvard
Committed suicide at 59
level 1
Pre-conventional morality
- Stage 1 - obedience /punishment orientation
- Stage 2 – self-interest orientation
At this level the child is responsive to cultural rules and evaluative labels (e.g. right, wrong, good, bad, naughty, etc.) but views them in terms of pleasant consequences of action, or in terms of the physical power of those who impose the rules
level 1 stage 1
punishment and obedience orientation: Heteronomous morality
- Egocentric deference to superior power/prestige, and avoidance of punishment
level 1 stage 1 pro
It isn’t really bad to take it – he did ask to pay for it first. He wouldn’t do any other damage or take anything else and the drug he’d take is only worth £200, he’s not really taking a £2000 drug.
level 1 stage 1 con
Heinz doesn’t have any permission to take the drug. He can’t just go and break the door down. He’d be a bad criminal doing all that damage. That drug is worth a lot of money and stealing anything so expensive would really be a big crime.
level 1 stage 2
naively egoistic orientation: Instrumental morality
- Right actions are those which are instrumental in satisfying one’s own needs and desires and those of others in so far as one cares about the others
- The intentions of others start to be taken into account
level 1 stage 2 pro
Heinz isn’t really doing any harm to the chemist, and he can always pay him back. If he doesn’t really want to lose his wife, he should take the drug because it’s the only thing that will work.