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KNPE 335 > KNPE 335 Midterm 2 > Flashcards

KNPE 335 Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most tolerated form of social discrimination in Canada?

A

Ageism

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2
Q

What are the two reasons that stereotypes exist?

A
  1. Explicit Attitudes
  2. Implicit Priming
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3
Q

What are explicit attitudes? x4

A

-Previously Learned Information
-What people consciously endorse or believe
-Direct and Deliberate
-Can be acknowledged

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4
Q

What is a example of a explicit attitude?

A

When I am old, I will retired, and will stop becoming useful to society

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5
Q

What is Implicit Priming? x4

A

-Associations that are outside of conscious awareness
-Unconscious and effortless
-Indirect and automatic
-Involuntarily active

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6
Q

What is a example of implicit priming?

A

Older adults in long-term care do not want help (waving off help). Do not know why except maybe the idea that help=useless

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7
Q

What group of people does paternalistic prejudice usually describe?

A

Elderly People
Disabled People
Housewives

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8
Q

What is paternalistic prejudice?

A

Low Status
Not Competitive Pity
Sympathy

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9
Q

Paternalistic Prejudice Warmth level?

A

High

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10
Q

Paternalistic Prejudice Competence level?

A

Low

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11
Q

What is admiration?

A

High status, not competitive pride, admiration
-In-group, and close allies

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12
Q

Admiration Warmth= , Competence=

A

Warmth = high
Competence =high

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13
Q

What is contemptuous prejudice?

A

Low status, competitive contempt, disgust, anger, resentment
-Welfare recipients, poor people

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14
Q

Contemptuous Prejudice, Warmth= , Competence=

A

Warmth = Low
Competence =Low

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15
Q

What is Envious prejudice?

A

High status, competitive envy, jealously
-Asian, Jews, Rich People, Feminists

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16
Q

Envious Prejudice, Warmth= , Competence=

A

Warmth =Low
Competence = High

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17
Q

What are 4 catergories in which older adults 65+ are thriving?

A
  1. Social
  2. Community
  3. Financial
  4. Physical
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18
Q

How may a task’s objective difficult and participants subjective evaluation of their own resources result in stereotypes?

A

-Impair physical performance because if they are primed for a task to be more difficult with increasing age they will believe they cannot
-Stairs old person domain = Good
-Stairs young persons domain = Bad

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19
Q

How does the pharmaceutical industry contribute to aging sterotype?

A

-ANT-AGING/ Defeat Aging
-Creams, pills, etc.

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20
Q

How does the media contribute to agesim?

A

-Most positively portrayed individuals are under 50
-Often portrayed as villanous or harmful and do not have significant roles (Disney)

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21
Q

What is ageism?

A

Ageism refers to how we think (stereotypes), feel (prejudice) and act (discrimination) toward others or ourselves based on age.

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22
Q

What are the 3 aspects of ageism?

A
  1. Stereotypes
  2. Prejudice
    3.Discrimation
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23
Q

What is everyday ageism?

A

Occurs in day-to-day lives through interpersonal interactions and exposure to ageist beliefs, assumptions, and stereotypes.

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24
Q

What does ageism result in for older adults? x4

A

-82% experience one or more forms of everyday
-65% exposure to ageist messages
-45% ageism in interpersonal interactions
-36% Internalized ageism (knee hurts)

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25
Q

What is the WHO stat for Ageism?

A

50% of people are ageist worldwide

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26
Q

What are the 4 groups that ageism affects?

A

Organizations
Institutions
Relationships
Ourselves

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27
Q

How has ageism relate to sex, race and disability?

A

Ageism has been shown to intersect and exacerbate other form of disadvantage

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28
Q

How does ageism shorten older adults lives x5?

A

-Poor physical health
-Delay in injury or illness recovery
-Decreased mental health
-Increased social isolation and loneliness
-Lower quality of life

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29
Q

What are 5 effects of ageism of society?

A
  1. Shorten older adults lives
  2. Costs billions of Dollar
  3. Causes conflict btwn generations
  4. Loss of productivity in the workplace
  5. Elder abuse
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30
Q

What results in elder mistreatment?

A

SEE PHOTO
-Ageism + Policy and Social Norms + Interlized Ageism –> Exclusion, Devaluation, Depersonalization, Infantilization, Powerlessness, and Blame

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31
Q

What are the 3 categories of everyday ageism?

A
  1. Exposure to ageist messages
  2. Ageism in interpersonal interactions
  3. Internalized Ageism
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32
Q

What are the 5 ways ageism can be combatted?

A
  1. Policy and Law
    2.Education
    3.Intergeneration
    4.Research
  2. Community Work
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33
Q

How can policy and law combat ageism?

A

Policy and Law can address discrimination and inequality based on age and protect the human rights of everyone, everywhere

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34
Q

How can education combat ageism?

A

Educational activities can transmit knowledge and skills and enhance empathy

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35
Q

How can intergeneration combat ageism?

A

Intergenerational interventions can contribute to the mutual understanding and cooperation of different generations

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36
Q

Why is research important in combatting ageism?

A

Need more research to SUPPORT programs and services that will help end ageism
-Research = Funding

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37
Q

How can research be used to promote ageism? x3

A
  1. Investing resources in research activities, including formative, monitoring, and evaluation research
    2.Important for campaigns to foster a learning environment
    -Research throughout the entire campaign
    -Know when to measure, what to measure and how to best measure
  2. Ensure research findings are responded yo in a appropriate and timely manner
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38
Q

How can ageism be combatted using community work? x3

A

Engage
Involve
Include

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39
Q

How does Engaging in Community work combat ageism?

A

-Engage, respond to, and incorporate the voices of the community.
-Participatory action research

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40
Q

How does Involvement in Community work combat ageism?

A

-Involve a range of government structure
-Middle-out approach
-Work alongside various partners to enable effective use of resources

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41
Q

How does Including in Community work combat ageism?

A

Include representatives from affected communities in workshops, marketing, and feedback
-Create co-researchers

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42
Q

What are the individual CONTROLLED factors that contribute to ageism symptoms? x4

A
  1. Nutrition and lifestyle habits
  2. Mindset/outlook
  3. People we spend time with
  4. Alterable Environment (condition of our homes, how often we seek nature)
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43
Q

What are the NOT CONTROLLED factors that contribute to ageism symptoms? x4

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Upbringing/family history
  3. Past Choices
  4. Fixed Environment (pollution, the behavior of other people)
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43
Q

What is the most significant barrier to healthy ageism?

A

Multi-morbidity

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43
Q

Explain how why stats for ageisms and barriers to healthy aging may be subjective?

A

Perceived barriers are Whbased on what people have experienced.
-eg. Homelessness is ranked low, but it can only be perceived to a small group of people and could be a huge barrier to those that actually experience it

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43
Q

What is the Social Comparison Theory?

A

Process through which people come to know themselves by evaluating their own attitudes, abilities, and beliefs, in comparison with others relates to self-evaluations and self-enhancement

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44
Q

What are the 2 types of comparison?

A

Upward Comparison
Downwards Comparison

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45
Q

What is upwards comparison?

A

Compare this to someone they believe has successfully aged.
RESULTS IN:
-Self-improvement Motivation
-Self- Improvement

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46
Q

What is a downward comparison?

A

Compared to somebody who is less successful aged
RESULTS IN:
-Self-Esteem
-Avoiding Failure

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47
Q

What group is upward comparison?

A

Females

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48
Q

What group is a downward comparison?

A

Males: Physical Health

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49
Q

Who is most affected by social comparison theory?

A

Poor Women

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50
Q

Why may social comparison theory be bad?

A

Can pave barriers to health

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51
Q

What are the five barriers to health?

A

Physical
Social
Cognitive
Mental
Enviromental

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52
Q

What are the six demographics of physical barriers?

A

CONTROLLED and NON-CONTROLLED
1. Age
2. Advanced Age
3. Gender
4. Comorbidities
5. Addiction
6. Medical Events

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53
Q

What are 4 physical factors of healthy aging?

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Nutrition
  3. Sleep
  4. Illness/disability
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54
Q

What are 8 social factors of healthy aging?

A
  1. Illness and Disability
  2. Loss of contact with friends/relatives
  3. Lack of supportive community
  4. Lack of acceptable social opportunities
  5. Less access to quality relationships
  6. Physical and Cognitive Limitations
  7. Personal Responsibilities
  8. Transportation
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55
Q

What are the two overarching social factors contributing to healthy aging?

A
  1. Physical Relationship
  2. Meaningful Activity
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56
Q

What is the recommendation for aging and driving?

A

Every 2 years (thought to be yearly) older than 80 = vision and written test about new traffic laws and cognitive tests

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57
Q

What are the 9 emotional barriers to healthy aging?

A
  1. Low Income
  2. Accessibility
  3. Education
  4. Safety
  5. Community Design
  6. Transportation
  7. Services
  8. Programs Available
  9. Assisted Living
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58
Q

What are the 3 emotional factors to healthy aging?

A

-Self-Esteem
-Self-Knowledge
-Coping Skills

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59
Q

What are the 3 Spiritual factors of healthy aging?

A
  1. Nature and meaning of one’s life
    2.Balancing what can and cannot be changed
  2. Religious beliefs/formal religion
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60
Q

What are the 4 environmental barriers to healthy aging?

A
  1. Housing
  2. Income
    3.Transportation and Mobility
  3. Services (dental, health, hearing, recreation, vision, food services)
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61
Q

What barrier to healthy aging is the most researched?

A

Enviromental

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62
Q

What are low income barriers for older adults? x4

A
  1. Participating in activities and programs for healthy aging can be more difficult
  2. Higher rates of poverty, unemployment, low education levels
  3. Initiating and Maintaining a behaviour change is more difficult
  4. People living with socioeconomic disadvantage are more likely to develop disease or die early
    -Risk for mental health decline
    -Risk for physical or cognitive dysfunction
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63
Q

What group of people is most likely to have low income?

A
  1. Unattached women over 65
  2. Unattached men over 65
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64
Q

What is a health inequity?

A

Unjust differences in health between persons of different social groups; a normative concept

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65
Q

What is health inequality?

A

Observable health differences between subgroups within a population can be measured and monitored.

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66
Q

What are health disparities?

A

The differences in the state of health and health outcomes between people.

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67
Q

What are health inequalities?

A

To the excess burden of illness of the difference between an expected incidence and prevalence and that which actually occurs in excess in comparison population group

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68
Q

What is a health inequity?

A

Unjust differences in health between persons of different social groups; a normative concept

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69
Q

What are health outcomes linked to? x3

A

Physical Inequalities
Mental Inequalities
Socio- economic Factors (education, income, housing)

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70
Q

The influence of poverty and disadvantage of health inequalities is _____ over time.

A

Consistant

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71
Q

How does living in a disadvantaged area as a older adults effect you health?

A

Less access to health care

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72
Q

Disadvantaged groups have _____ mortality and ___ chances of survival.

A

High; Less

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73
Q

T or F: Inequalities related to survival from various health conditions (ie: CVD) are closely related to age, sex, ethicity?

A

True

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74
Q

What are the 9 risk of senior isolation?

A
  1. Poverty/Lack of Resources
  2. Age and Gender
  3. Ethnicity
  4. Sexual and Gender Identity
  5. Geography
  6. Health and Disability
  7. Life Transitions
  8. Knowledge and Awareness
  9. Social Relationships
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75
Q

T or F Indigenous people in Canada are vulnerable groups for poor health outcomes?

A

True

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76
Q

What are the 4 causes of poor health outcomes in indigenous people?

A
  1. Embedded Racism
  2. Loss of support system
  3. Decades of systemic discrimination (residential schools)
  4. Effecst of colonialism (changed lifestyles and brought disease)
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77
Q

What are the 7 negative effects of caregiving?

A
  1. Increased Burden
  2. Depression
  3. Stress
  4. Financial Problems
  5. Poor Health
  6. Loneliness
  7. Social Isolation
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78
Q

What group of caregivers are at greater risk for experiencing decreased social support and loneliness?

A

Spousal Caregivers

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79
Q

T or F seniors 65+ often provide care/help to family or friends with a long-term condition, a physical or mental disability or age-related problems.

A

True

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80
Q

What are 4 interventions for caregivers?

A
  1. Helping and financial support through informal assistance
  2. Respite Services
  3. Home care or related services
  4. Income or Tax Relief programs
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81
Q

T or F seniors 65+ represent a large proportion of immigrants?

A

False

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82
Q

Are Older Immigrants more or less lonely than older adults who are Canadian Born?

A

Significantly more

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83
Q

Are older immigrants more or less successful in healthy aging than their Canadian-born peers?

A

Lower

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84
Q

What is the healthy immigrant effect?

A

Older adults immigrants are generally healthier than Canadians

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85
Q

What is the unhealthy assimilation effect?

A

Longer immigrants stay in Canada and the USA; they are worse in health, even lower than domestic.
-Because only healthy people decide to immigrate
-Psychological stress

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86
Q

What are 3 healthy aging interventions suggested for imigrants?

A
  1. Data collection and research on immigrant older adults in Canada
  2. Culturally and linguistically appropriate programs and services
    -Acculturation programs, financial aids, language programs, information and referral services.
  3. -Making transportation, health, and support systems MORE ACCESSIBLE
    -Completing outreach session and education with older immigrants,
    -Creating user and aging-friendly communities specific to the needs of older immigrants
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87
Q

T or F: The amount of older adults follows the same pattern of the overall population.

A

True, 4/5 Overall and 23% of older adults

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88
Q

What are the 4 risks of being a older adult living in a rural area?

A
  1. Social Isolation
    2.Smaller Support Networks
    3.Loneliness
    4.Lower utilization rates of health and social services
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89
Q

T or F Rural populations are a health disparity group?

A

True,
-Higher rates of mental health concerns, Chronic Diseases, and Worse general health outcomes

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90
Q

What are the six strategies to address older adults healthy aging in rural or remote areas?

A
  1. Reducing health inequalities by providing older people with better access to health and social care services
  2. Joining up transport, housing, health and social care services to improve cost-effective service provision and access to services
  3. Developing cost-effective transport solutions to afford accessibility to services and better social integration
  4. Improving housing and local environment conditions to allow older people to ‘age in place’
  5. Develop volunteering and community-based initiatives to improve the social integration of older people
  6. Stimulating bottom-up social enterprises and collaborative ventures to improve the economic diversity and attractiveness of rural areas to encourage in-migration and further economic development
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91
Q

What is one of the most financially vulnerable Canadian populations?

A

Older adults who live alone

92
Q

What are the 5 increased risk of being a low-income older adults?

A
  1. Loneliness
    2.Social Isolation
  2. Poor Health Outcomes
  3. Lower QofL
    5.Premature Mortality
93
Q

What is an evidenced informed policy option for low-income older adults x3?

A
  1. Protected Pension for older Canadians
  2. New class of workplace pension plans for low income
  3. Improve retirement income options
94
Q

How can healthcare professionals increase cultural competence in healthy aging?

A
  1. Awareness
    2.Knowledge
    3.Skills
95
Q

What are the 4 aspects of culturally sensitive healthcare?

A
  1. Patients Centred Care/Health Literacy
  2. Cultural Targeting
  3. Under-served needs
  4. Cultural competence
96
Q

What is health promotion?

A

-The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health by developing their resources to maintain or enhance well being,
-Health-promoting is an action for health-using knowledge, communication and understanding

97
Q

What are the five aspects of the healthy aging framework around national prevention strategy?

A
  1. Promoting Health, Preventing Injury and Managing Chronic conditions
    2.Optimizing cognitive health
    3.Optimizing physical health
    4.Optimizing Mental Health
  2. Facilitating Social Engagement
98
Q

How can we promote/implement the 5 aspects of the healthy aging framework around national prevention strategy? x5

A
  1. Identify (What matter most to patient and focus on it)
  2. Engage: (the patient in developing a action plan for healthy aging)
  3. Provide (patient education, support and resources)
  4. Coach (virtually or in-person)
    5.Revise (Advance directives/care planning)
99
Q

What is a Age-friendly community?

A

A community response to both the opportunities and challenges of an aging population by creating physical and social environments that support independent active living and enable older adults to continue contributing to all aspects of community life.

100
Q

What are the 8 aspects of a age-friendly community?

A
  1. Transportations
  2. Housing
  3. Social Participation
    4.Respect and Social inclusion
    5.Civic Participation and Employment
  4. Communication and Information
  5. Community support and Health Service
  6. Outdoor spaces and buildings
101
Q

What was the point of the AVOID frality program?

A

Lots of Services and Lots of Old people BUT NO CONNECTION to get old people to services

102
Q

What is the point of the Aging in Place program?

A

A 20% increase in the number of older adults who are living in homes and communities of their choice by 2031

103
Q

What are the 4 aspects of the Aging in Place program?

A
  1. Safety
  2. Health
  3. Connection
  4. Standards
104
Q

What is the Safety Aging in Place program?

A

A increase in living enviroments that support safe and injury-free aging
-Smart materials devices
-AI Assisted Decision Making

105
Q

Example of safety aging in Place program?

A

Printed Electronics-based sensors for fall detection and prevention

106
Q

What is the Standards Aging in Place program?

A

An increase of Canadian AgeTech Adoption through evidence-based age0friendly standards and policy
-Agetech adoption
-Data privacy and cybersecurity
-Dwellings for successful aging in place

107
Q

Examples of Standards Aging in Place program?

A

Security and privacy assessment for smart home technology

108
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Person’s belief in their ability to change their behavior

109
Q

What types of strategies should be used to promote behaviour change?

A

Strategies that increase self efficacy

110
Q

What is self-efficacy associated with? x7

A
  1. Increased self-care among older adults
    2.Increased energy
    3.Better sleep
    4.Decreased pain and discomfort
    5.Resilience against depression
    6.Increased use of healthcare system
    7.Improvement in overall healthy aging
111
Q

What are the most common role models of older adults?

A

Family Members

112
Q

What are masters athletes?

A

Start as early as 25-35 years
-Activity Dependant
-Later-Life Leisure

113
Q

How may master athletes as role models promote healthy aging? x6

A

Master Athletes = Preventative Health Behaviors = Successful aging and longevity
-Greater strength and power
-Cardiorespiratory fitness
-Increased bone density
-Increased muscle mass
-Greater meaning of life
-New friendships

114
Q

How may masters athletes be bad role models? x6

A

Not realistic:
-Constrained by socioeconomic factors
-Reliant on free time, travel, costs
-Negative social comparisons
-Reduced motivation
-Othering
-Perpetuating stereotypes

115
Q

What is Group 1 of the hierarchy of physical function?

A

Physically Fit and Healthy

116
Q

What is Group 2 of the hierarchy of physical function?

A

Physically Unfit and Unhealthy Independent

117
Q

What is Group 3 of the hierarchy of physical function?

A

Physically unfit frail and unhealthy, dependent

118
Q

What are 2 ways to maintain performance?

A

Basic Activities of Daily Living
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

119
Q

What are the 6 basic activities of daily living?

A
  1. Dressing
  2. Locomotion
  3. Continence
  4. Eating
  5. Transferring
  6. Walking and Moving around
120
Q

What are the 6 instrumental activities of daily living?

A
  1. Using a phone
    2.Traveling
  2. Shopping
  3. Preparing Meals
  4. Housework
  5. Taking Meds
121
Q

What are 3 tips/recommendations to get active?

A
  1. Take part in at least 2.5 hours of MVPA each week
  2. Spread activities into sessions of 10 min or more
  3. As muscle and bone strengthening activities at least twice a week
122
Q

What are the 5 types of PA?

A
  1. Aerobic or Endurance
  2. Strength
  3. Flexibility
  4. Balance
    5.Functional
123
Q

What are aerobic or endurance PA?

A

-Supplies O2 to brain
-Walking, Jogging, Swimming,Etc.
-20-30 min a day moderate intensity

124
Q

What are strength PA?

A

-Muscles work more than daily living activities
-Weight training, resistance bands, body weight

125
Q

What is Flexibility PA?

A

-Flexibility and stretching for increased freedom of movement for everyday activities and other exercise
-Yoga, Leg Raises, Swimming, Tai Chi

126
Q

What is Balance PA?

A

-Strengthens muscles that keep you upright
-Improve stability and prevents falls

127
Q

What is Functional PA?

A

-Trains muscles to work together
-Prepares for daily tasks by reproducing common movements
-Various muscles in upper and lower body used at the same time

128
Q

What 2 types of exercise should be recommended for older adults?

A

Balance and Functional

129
Q

What are the 15 benefits of PA?

A
  1. Decrease BP
  2. Increase Strength and CV endurance
  3. Increase Balance
  4. Increase lung and breathing function
  5. Improve immune function
  6. Reduce depression and anxiety
  7. Control Obesity
  8. Improves ability to perform tasks
  9. Prevents weak bones and muscle loss
  10. Improves Joint Mobility
  11. Improves Sleep
  12. Reduces risk of chronic conditions
  13. Extends years of activity and independent living
  14. Lowers dementia risk
  15. Reduces likelihood of falls and injury
130
Q

What is the most important benefit of PA?

A

Increases Q of L
Adding Life to one’s years

131
Q

How may increasing PA reduce risk/ help the prevention and management of disease? x8

A
  1. Coronary Heart Disease
  2. Stroke
    3.Increased BP
    4.Late-onset T2D
    5.Osteoporosis
  3. Colon Cancer
  4. Weight Control
    8, Reduction in Accidental Falls
132
Q

T or F, effects of PA are not apparent if PA is taking up later in life?

A

F, any bit and any time helps

133
Q

What are the 2 ways PA can minimize Diabetes risk?

A
  1. Prevents sugar for building up in blood
  2. Lowers Blood Pressure
134
Q

How does PA lower BP?

A

Muscles use sugar for energy
Reduce risk for developing T2D

135
Q

What 2 forms of exercise should be used for reducing T2D risk?

A

Aerobic and Resistance

136
Q

How does aerobic exercise decrease the risk for T2D?

A

-Improves fitness, and reduces complications of diabetes, such as lowered risk of heart disease, and improved diabetes (blood sugar, blood fats and blood pressure)

137
Q

How does aerobic exercise decrease the risk for T2D?

A

Maintaining or increasing lean muscle, burning calories at rest throughout the day, weight control and diabetes management

138
Q

What are 6 ways to improve cognitive healthy aging?

A
  1. PA
  2. Social/Leisure Activities
  3. Intellectual Engagement
  4. Nutrition
  5. Stress Management
    6, Sleep
139
Q

What are the 7 behavioural and lifestyle intervention research for Alzheimer’s and dementia?

A

1.BP Control
2.Diet
3.Sleep
4.Hearing
5.Cognitive Training
6. Social Engagement
7, PA

140
Q

Highest levels of PA can reduce risk of cognitive decline and dementia by ___%

A

20%

141
Q

Significant improvements in cognitive health and mental well being can be attributed to which 2 factors?

A
  1. PA programs for older adults
    2.Cognitively stimulation exercises
142
Q

PA as a treatment for cognitive healthy aging is best in combo with?

A

With other cognitively demanding tasks

143
Q

T or F brain training games help improve cognition?

A

False, not enough evidence

144
Q

Activities like digital photography, knitting, music, dance, theatre and creative writing may help cognition by ?

A

Establishing cognitive reserve, however some research show no effect

145
Q

What are 9 ways to improve intellectual engagement and cognition?

A

1.Memory
2.Q of L
3. Self-Esteem
4.Social Interaction
5.Stress
6. Well-being
7.Concentration
8.Relaxation
9.Motivation

146
Q

How many social interaction, networks, supports and activity improve cognition? x6

A
  1. Global Cognition (Activity, Networks, Support)
  2. Overal Executive Functioning (A)
  3. Working memory (A)
  4. Visuospatial abilities (A)
  5. Processing Speed (A)
  6. Episodic Memory (S)
147
Q

Calorie restriction benefits cognitive aging in older adults?

A

False
Controversy shows benefits but not in older adults

148
Q

What diet is recommended for lower dementia risk?

A

Mediterranean Diet

149
Q

What 4 nutrients should be required to reduce the risk of cognitive disorders?

A

1.Proteins
2.Fibre
3. Vit D
4.Omega-3 Fatty Acids

150
Q

What is a common nutrition deficiency related to cognitive disorders?

A

Isolated Vitamin deficiencies

151
Q

What are the 2 results of a healthy diet?

A

IMPROVED:
1.Cognitive Health
2.Mental Health

152
Q

What are the 4 ways aging can contribute to stress? (ORDER)

A

ORDER
1. Perceived Stress
2. Behavioral Response (fight or flight, personal behaviour-diet, exercise)
3. Individual differences (genes, stress responsively, experience)
4.Physiological response (HPA activation, Inflammation)

ALL EFFECTS ALLOSTATIC LOAD

153
Q

What are 3 results of being sleep deprived?

A
  1. Impaired mPFC to Amygdala connectivity
  2. Hard Time Assessing own and others’ emotions (can’t tell between non-threatening and threatening)
  3. Increased Neg. Response Bias (BAD MOOD)
154
Q

What is a death-avoidant society?

A

Avoid talking about death =Taboo

155
Q

How has dying changed since the 1900’s? x2

A

1.Most people used to die in their homes surrounded by family and community, no die in facilities
2.People are living longer with more complex diseases

156
Q

What is the most common type of death?

A

Slow or Stuttering Decline

157
Q

What is hospice palliative care WHO?

A

An approach that improves Q of L of patients and their families facing problems associated with life-threatening illness through the prevention and relief of suffering using early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual

158
Q

What is hospice palliative care ONTARIO?

A

Comfort, meaning and support for people facing the end of life and their families

159
Q

When and where was residence hospice created?

A

1960’s in England

160
Q

When and where did residence hopsice start in Canada?

A

1970’s, WPG and MTRL

161
Q

When was the Canadian Palliative care association established?

A

1991

162
Q

When was the model to guide palliative care:based on the national principles and norms of practice established?

A

2002

163
Q

T or F Palliative Care is a new concept

A

TRUE however we have always cared for the dying

164
Q

What is Palliative care? x3

A
  1. Compassionate and uphold the patient’s Right to Die with Dignity
  2. Provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms
  3. Affirms life and regards dying as a normal process
165
Q

T or F, Palliative care can possibly influence course of illness?

A

True

166
Q

Are palliative care and hospice care the same thing?

A

Yes

167
Q

Where do people receive hospice palliative care?

A
  1. Home
  2. Community
  3. Hospitals
    4.Long-term Care
  4. residential Hospices
168
Q

Who may be on a palliative care team?

A
  1. Family Physician
  2. Spiritual Counsellor/Religious Leader
  3. Physio
  4. Personal Support Workers
  5. Palliative Nurses
  6. Palliative Physician
  7. Social Worker
  8. Traditional Medicine Worker
  9. Death Doula
  10. Nutrients
  11. Pharmacist
  12. OT
169
Q

Palliative care teams are ____ and ______?

A

Broad and Hollistic

170
Q

What does dying look and feel like socially? x4

A

1) Social withdrawal
2) Talking to or seeing people and things that are not there
3)Excessive fatigue and Sleep
4) Temporary Dramatic Improvement

171
Q

What does dying look and feel like Digestive Functions? x4

A

1) Less Interest in Food
2) Odd Cravings
3) No longer drinking or eating
4)Incontinence (lack of self regulation)

172
Q

What does dying look and feel like Muscular? x3

A

1)Loss of movement, muscle tone and sensation
2) Jaw drops, mouth stays open
3) Dace looks peaceful and relaxed

173
Q

What does dying look and feel like Circulatory? x4

A

1)Pulse is fast, weak and irregular
2) BP falls
3) Skin is mottled or bluish
4)Cold hands and feet

174
Q

What does dying look and feel like Respiratory? x2

A

1)Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
2)Gurgling Sounds

175
Q

What are the 2 signs of death?

A

1) Absence of pulse, respirations and BP
2)Fixed dilated pupils

176
Q

What care does a dying person need x11?

A

1)Listening
2) Gentle Touch
3)Pain Relief
4) Physical Comfort
5)Vision Support
6)Hearing Support
7)Communication Adaptations
8)Mouth Care
9)Incontinence Care
10)Nutritional Support
11)Compassion

177
Q

What are the three things that happen after death?

A

1)Postmortem Care
2)Death is Certified
3)Body Disposition

178
Q

What occurs in postmortem care x3?

A

1)Positioning the body before rigor mortis develops (2-3 hrs after death)
2)Personal care
3)Rituals

179
Q

What occurs when a death is certified? x3

A

1) The healthcare provided pronounces death
2) Physician completes a medical death certificate
3) Death is registered

180
Q

What may occur in body dispositions x7?

A

1)Get a burial permit
2) The body is transported
3)Cremation
4) Aquamation
5) Standard Burial
6) Green Burial
7) Funeral/ Ceremonies

181
Q

What are 5 things that may effect the way grief occurs?

A

1)Circumstances of death
2)Relationship to dead
3)Support System
4)Personal experience with death and grief in past
5)Culture, Religion, Spirtuality

182
Q

What are factors to be considered about Queer people? x7

A

1) 3x more likely to be single
2) Less likely to have children to care for them
3) Less likely to be in contact or on good terms with family of origin
4) More susceptible to isolation
5) More reluctant to seek care due to fear of stigma or discrimination that could delay diagnosis, care, and treatment
6) Likely to higher incidence of life-limiting and life-threatening disease
7) More likely to have mental health issues

183
Q

Factors of Queer that may neg. Impact healthcare and palliative care? x5

A

1)Discrimination or stigma may prevent access
2)Assumption by healthcare providers about identity and family structure may result in discrimination
3)Chosen family may not be respected and recognized as next of kin
4)Increased pressure of the caregiver due to accessing care late or not at all
5)Loss and grief is often unrecognized and poorly shape increasing sense of isolation

184
Q

What are some examples of negative impacts of healthcare on Queer? x7

A
  1. Misgendering
  2. Name is different from legal name
  3. Multiple partners are not respected
  4. Patient is out to all loved ones
  5. Trauma Survivors
  6. Facilities are gendered and therefore unsafe to use
  7. Patients educating doctors
185
Q

What are 7 things care providers can learn from the queer community to make death a better experience?

A
  1. Accepting people for who they are in that moment
  2. Trusting self-knowledge (ppl know themselves the best)
  3. Creating solutions to get needs met
  4. Resiliency
  5. Self-Advocacy
  6. Always cared for each other
  7. Beautiful, expressive ritual
186
Q

Historical Consideration for Queer People that concern ageing and dying? x4

A
  1. Traumatic Causes of Death
  2. Lack of Trust in the Medical System
  3. Unable to be with loved ones do to homo/transphobia
    4.Lack of elders to turn to
187
Q

Community Care for Queer People that concern ageing and dying? x3

A
  1. Alternative care when the health system fails
  2. Alternative spiritual practices when religion shuns them
  3. 21% are caregivers to friends compared to 6% of heterosexuals
188
Q

Social Isolation of Queer People that concerns ageing and dying? x4

A
  1. Being in long-term care as queer (fear of being being re-closest)
  2. Fellow queer friends are dying
    3.Lack of resources aimed for queer seniors
    4.Pressure of compulsive heterosexuality
189
Q

Funerals of Queer People that concern ageing and dying? x3

A
  1. Burial Clothes
    2.Gender Washrooms
    3.Funeral home safe
190
Q

What is the role of a death doula?

A

Death doulas have the time, training and energy to provide excellent palliative care and fill the gaps left in the healthcare system.

191
Q

What does a death doula do?

A
  1. Psychosocial Support
  2. Spiritual and Religious Support
  3. Legacy Project Work
  4. Caregiver Respite
  5. Liaising between the healthcare team, and client/family, advocating for a client
  6. Systems Navigation
  7. Light Personal, home, and pet care
  8. Cataloging and sorting belomgings
  9. Ritual design and facilitation
  10. Planning and coordinating final days, hours
  11. Vigiling
192
Q

What is Wisemoves Kingston?

A

Erin O’Brien Business for Personal Training for older adults

193
Q

What are the 4 services the wise move Kingston provides?

A
  1. Group Exercise Classes
  2. Personal Training (Gym)
  3. In Home Personal training
  4. Virtual Training
194
Q

What are the positive impacts of PA? x10 Medical Terms

A
  1. Increased Independence
  2. Increased Socialization
  3. Decreased Fall Risk
  4. Strong Bones and Muscles
  5. Improved Sleep Quality
  6. Improved Cognitive Function
  7. Improved Mental Health
  8. Healthy Appetite and Digestion
  9. Improved Mood
  10. Weight Management
195
Q

What are the positive impacts of PA? x10 People Terms

A
  1. Joy
  2. Invigoration
  3. Confidence
  4. Enthusiasm for Life
  5. Peace
  6. Inspiration
  7. Strength (physical and mental)
  8. Pride
  9. Optimism
  10. Refreshed Contentedness
196
Q

Who was most influenced by COVID and why?

A

Older Adults
-Still recovering from the pandemic, the process of returning to their previous patterns and habits has been much slower

197
Q

How has COVID affected older adults? x8

A
  1. Social Isolation and Loneliness
    2.Fear of getting sick
  2. Most vulnerable population
  3. Lack of PA
  4. House-Bound
  5. Poor Mental Health
  6. High Stress
  7. Drastic Change of Lifestyle
198
Q

Who may be on the health team of an older adult? x10

A
  1. Family Doctors
  2. Neurologists
  3. Massage Therapists
  4. Chiropractors
  5. Speech Therapists
  6. Family Doctors
  7. Nurse Practitioners
  8. OT
  9. PT
  10. Dieticians
199
Q

Who is missing from a health team who should be on it and why?

A

Personal Trainers/ Fitness Specialist
-Not covered by health care
-PA has been shown as a considerable benefit to healthy aging
-Older adults often need specialized care due to their abilities and injuries, and most are worried to engage in PA regardless but it is needed cuz it helps so personalization makes it better

200
Q

Why should social personal trainers and fitness specialists be covered?

A

PA is so important and has many preventable. characteristics
-PROACTIVE instead of REACTIVE

201
Q

How are personal trainers Proactive? x3

A

Reduce:
-Drugs Use
-Hospitalization
-Load on medical practitioners

202
Q

Standard Framework for Health care funding covers? x4

A

-Hospitalization
-Drugs
-Medical Staff
-Peri-Medical Practitioners (Some)
ALL to a limit

203
Q

What is the flaw of our health care system?

A

Reactive instead of Proactive

204
Q

What are the barriers to older adults receiving PA and personal training? x6

A
  1. Older adults are on fixed incomes
  2. Many other expenses
    3.Many can’t afford training fees
    4.Trainers need to still make a livable wage even tho wanna help
    5.The people that need it most cannot access it
  3. There is no coverage for fitness training
205
Q

What are the 4 things that occur if we remove barriers to fitness? Yes to personal trainers

A
  1. trainers are common health team members
    2.People are healthier
    3.Decreased pressure on health system
  2. Fitness and activity for everyone
206
Q

T or F trainers and PA benefit is often overlooked?

A

True

207
Q

What are the benefits of Gerontechnology? x3

A
  1. Feelings of Safety
  2. Feelings of Security
  3. Concrete benefits such as beneficial results (decreasing risk such as less time on ground)
208
Q

What is modern gerontechnology?

A

-An interdisciplinary field linking existing and developing technologies to the aspirations and needs of aging adults.

-Supports successful aging and is a response to to the combination of the aging of society and rapidly emerging technolgies

209
Q

Is Gerontology static?

A

NO, Needs of older adults merge with technology available

210
Q

What are the 3 subcategories of gerontechnology?

A
  1. Succesful Aging
  2. Improve Communication and Mobility
  3. Aging in Place
211
Q

How does Gerontechnology support healthy aging?

A

Gerontechnology might include any device or intervention contributing to a person’s perception of healthy aging.
-Meeting where they are and helping age well from there

212
Q

How has healthy aging changed over the years?

A

Shifted from a biomedical to a more holistic view and towards a more subject aspect of the ageing process

213
Q

How does gerontechnoogy improve communication and mobility?

A
  1. Wearables
  2. Implants and Replacements
  3. Mobility Aids
  4. Cognitive Aids
214
Q

What is aging in place?

A

-Most seniors want to keep living independently for as long as possible.
-This desire is referred to as aging in place
-Remaining living in the community, with some level of independence rather than in residential care.

215
Q

How does gerontechnology support aging in place? x2

A
  1. Traditional Technology
  2. Non-traditional Technology
216
Q

What are traditional technologies?

A

-Technologies that facilitate human contact
-Can be used to personally connect or for travel

217
Q

What are non-traditional technologies?

A

-Robots and first-voice technology can be used to connect with loved ones, assists in daily living, etc,

218
Q

What are the 2 types of non-traditional technologies

A
  1. Smart Home Devices (You interact with it)
  2. AAL Systems (It interacts with you)
219
Q

What is the purpose of Smart Home Devices?

A

Voice Activated, Linked to WIFI, Smart Home System
-Provide Autonomy for those facing challenges to independent living.
-Take place of caregiver for adjusting the thermostat, light, setting reminders

220
Q

What are AAL Systems?

A

Ambient Assisted Living
-Various sensors that use AI to analyze behaviour and compare it to established patterns, identify divergences and call caregivers if needed.

221
Q

How may Smart Home Devices help to age in place?

A
  1. Wi-Fi Routers
    2.Security Systems
    3.Thermostats
    4.Streaming Devices
    5.Smart Displays
    6.Smart Speakers
  2. Smoke Detectors
222
Q

How may a smart home system be difficult/ things to consider if you want it to help with healthy aging?

A

1) Tech May too Difficult (consider ease of access)
2) Is there other people to help if tech fails
3) Is there a plan B if it fails,
(security systems, can they still function without it)

223
Q

What is RF-Pose?

A

-Provides accurate pose estimation through walls and obstructions
-Leverages the fact that wireless signals in Wi-Fi frequencies traverse walls and reflect off the human body

224
Q

How may AAL be helpful? x3

A

1) Constant vigilance and security
2)Known the location of fall/unconscious
3)Quick response time, response goes to appropriate people

225
Q

How may AAL be harmful? x4

A

1)Personal Life becomes known to their caregivers and even family members
2)Might have to explain ling times in the bathroom,bedroom,etc,
3)Possible 24/6 surveillance
4)Cancer exposures

226
Q

What are 3 consideration for Gerontechnology?

A

1) A fine line between wanting to help vs. relinquishing autonomy
2)Is intervention sustainable
-will it break/need to be replaced often
3)Does the intervention require more attention to detail
-gets into old peoples head (fear and anxiety towards it)
-Keeps breaking/too many questions
-More harm than good

227
Q

Is Aging in place about changing the environment or changing people/monitoring them?

A

Changing Environment
-Community interventions/socialization = most success

228
Q

What does gerontechnology believe aging in place is about?

A

-Changing person/how to monitor them

229
Q

Will tech increase the amount of adults in long term care?

A

I beleive Decrease
-Can be monitored from a distance, can be safe, and have surveillance
-Can have independence at home and complete for independent tasks. Such as reminders for meds, fall protection, closing blinds etc,

230
Q

Are ALL/Care predict texhnologies needed?

A

Studies show not necessarily
-COMMUNICATION seems to be the solution
-Increases were shown when there was caregiver + caregiver communication and caregiver + resident communication, rather than monitoring and surveralliance.

231
Q

What are 4 things to consider about gerontology/offering it to older adults?

A
  1. Ever-evolving technology at the same rate as mainstream tech
  2. Accessibility and sustainability of the intervention.
  3. Cost to benefit
  4. Population in question

KNPE 335 (2 decks)

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