KNPE 335 Midterm 1 Flashcards
Why is it important topic not only for students and healthcare workers, but the entire Canadian Public?
-We are all affected by aging, old and young
-Aging Population
What are the 4 effects of the baby boom generation?
1)Changed social structure
2)Increasing life expectancy in Canada
3)Older Population
4)More women than men
When is the baby boom?
1946-64
How does the decline in children and incline in seniors create a strain?
Creates a gap
-loss of people working in
True or False: Is life expectancy increasing?
True
Why may certain provinces have a lower amount of seniors compared to youth, regardless of a aging population?
-People Leave certain Provinces to go to retirement areas (people want to be together)
-It is harder for people to live their and get healthcare resources
True or False: Aging increases occur just in north america?
False, they are occurring across the globe,
9.6% increase
What are the 4 life span predictions?
1)Decreasing in infant mortality rate
2)Advances in public health (effect of chronic diseases in modern times)
3)Plateau in life expectancy
4)Adding life to years, instead of years to life
True or False: Living Longer doesn’t mean living better?
No, decreased QoL as we age
-We need to educate and promote how to increase QoL
Why does QoL decrease as we age?
1)Decrease in physical, cognitive, mental and social health
2)Increases in common morbidities and comorbidities
Chronological Age?
Number of years a person has lived
Biological Age?
A description of individuals development based on biomedical markers that are determined by molecular or cellular events
Psychological Age?
A description of one’s own experiences using nonphysical features such as experience, logical and emotional
Social psychological/subjective age?
The personal subjective age of a person based on how old the individual feels and how they feel towards age
Social Age
The social roles that an individual has placed on them by society that determines their age
-Retired vs. working. vs. student
Functional Age
A combination of chronological, biological, and psychological age.
-Considered to be the wholistic picture of a persons described as age
What are the 4 types of functional aging?
1st:Childhood
2nd: Working and Parenting
3rd: “young, old” age (between 65-84)
4th: Above 85
WHO definition of healthy aging?
the continuous process of optimizing opportunities to maintain and improve physical and mental health, independence, and quality of life throughout the life course
Healthy Aging aspects include x5
1)Meet their basic needs
2)Learn, grow and make decisions
3)Be mobile
4)Build and maintain relationships
5)Contribute to society
What theory did Fries (1980) discouver?
Compression of Morbidity
-Compression into the last years of life
-Sickest/At worst prior to death
Who discovered Human Aging: usual and successful?
Rowe and Kahn (1987) defined healthy aging
What researchers are widely cited in geriatrics, gerontology, and ageing research literature?
Rowe and Kahn 1987
Who discovered the 3 things in which healthy aging is comprised of, and what are they?
Rowe and Kahn 1987
1)Avoiding disease and disability
2)High cognitive and physical function
3)Engagement with life
What was the MacArthur Foundation Study on Successful aging (1984-1993)
-Lead by Rowe
-American gerontology perceived to be in crisis
-Interdisciplinary cooperation
What were the discoveries of Strawbridge et al. 2002?
-Need to include the effect of chronic conditions and functional difficulties with successful aging- higher rates of successful aging
What were the discoveries of Reichstadt et al. 2010?
-Qualitative interviews on successful aging in older adult perspectives
-Wisdom in a large contributor, importance of knowledge and education
What are the 2 categories of theories of aging?
1)Stochastic theories of aging
2)Programmed Theories
What is Stochastic Theories of aging?
-Aging occurs randomly and persistently with time through random error and damage to cells and organs
What is the Free Radical Theory of aging?
The most prevalent stochastic theory of aging
-Metabolic reactions occurring continuously in the body produce unstable molecules called free radicals.
-Free radicals cause oxidation, which damages cells and genetics resulting in aging
-Age Spots
What type of theory is a non-stochastic theory of aging?
programmed theories
Who made the non-stochastic theory of aging?
Hayflick and Morrehead (1981)
What is the non-stochastic theory of aging?
Aging is predetermined through programmed cell changes or changes in the neuroendocrine or immunological systems.
-People have a biological clock and ultimately a person dies at a predetermined time
Why are non-stochastic theories deemed purposeful?
Aging is thought to be a process that is programmed at the cellular level
Why is the term older adult used? x3
1)Senior is too limited
2)Elderly connotes frailty
3)Refers to the individual
What are the 6 physical changes that occur with aging?
1)Increased risk of chronic disease
2)Activity levels declines
3)Decline in lean body mass and bone density
4)Increased risk of falls
5)Impaired oral/eye/ear health
6)Change in skin,taste,smell
What is there a increased risk of when there is a decline in body mass and bone density?
Increased risk of fractures
When does the skeletal system start to see impacts?
30-80 years
What are 4 impacts of aging on the skeletal system?
1)Density of bones begins to diminish
2)Bones are more fragile and likely to break -Osteoprorosis
3)Stiffer Joints
4)Limited range of motion
Why is the skeletal system essential?
Calcium Storage
Movement
Reduce frailty
Why is musculature important?
-Prevent Weakness
-Prevent Fatigue
-Improve ability to perform activities of daily living
-Reduce the risk of falls and injury
When does peak muscle strength occur?
20-30
What are the 3 impacts of aging on the musculature system?
-Muscle Atrophy: Thinning or loss of muscle
-Sarcopenia: Loss of muscle
-Muscle fibres not able to contract as quickly
When do visual changes occur?
50
What causes visual changes to occur?
Anatomical and physiological changes in the eye
What are 4 common diseases of the eye?
-Glaucoma
-Dry Eye
-Macular Degeneration
-Cataracts
t or f: age-related changes occur to the inner ear?
True: Vestibular Changes
How does joint proprioception occur?
Mechanoreceptors change (located in joints, capsules, ligaments, muscle, tendons and skin)
How does joint proprioception effect older adults?
1)Impaired deterioration of proprioception leading to less accurate detection of body position
2)Results in increased risk of falls
3)Increased risk of degenerative joint disease
How many systems are required for balance?
3
1)Vision
2)Vestibular
3)Proprioceptors
All begin to fail as we age
What is a leading health concern for older adults?
Falling–> Balance issues
What are the 6 physical changes of aging?
1)Skeletal
2)Musculature
3)Vision
4)Vestibular
5)Joint proprioception
6)Balance
What percentage of older adults 65+ have at least 1 of 10 common chronic diseases?
73%
What are the 10 chronic health conditions?
1)Ischemic Heart Disease
2)Diabetes
3)Asthma
4)Mood And Anxiety Disorder
5)Hypertension
6)Periodontal Disease
7)Osteoarthritis
8)Osteoporosis
9)Cancer
10)COPD
What are the 4 common risk factors of developing a chornic disease as a older adult?
1)Tobacco and Drinking
2)Not meeting PA guidelines
3)Consume fruit and veggies less than 5X a day
4) Trouble falling asleep
What is Multimorbidity?
The CO-OCCURRENCE in the same person of two or more of the ten common chronic diseases
What is Multimorbidity associated with? x6
Impaired quality of life
Increased use of health care resources
Institutionalization
Adverse Health Effects
Disability
Premature Death
True or False women have a more likelihood of Multimorbidity?
True
What percentage of seniors have Multimorbidity?
30%
Why does there need to be a push for early intervention for Multimorbidity?
Many older adults have them
Increasing Older Adult Pop
Increased Strain of System
T of F: Aging increases risk of diabetes?
True
Why is the management of diabetes more complicated in older adults? x3
1)Coexisting Medical Conditions
2)Cognitive Issues
3)Diabetes self-management is more difficult due to lack of knowledge and access to resources
In what age group is Hypertension most common?
Older Adults
Why is hypertension common in older adults?
Changes in the Vascular System
-Reduced elastic tissues –> Stiff arteries
Why does cancer seem to plateau at 85+?
Decrease Cell Growth and therefore decreased mutations
___ of falls are life threatening?
1/5
What is the most common injury in older adults?
Falls
What is post-fall syndrome?
Cycle of increasing weakness and instability through joint and mobility reductions, physical deconditioning and poor balance
What are 7 factors that can cause post-fall syndrome?
1)Dependance
2)Loss of autonomy
3)Loss of self-confidence
4)Depression
5)Confusion
6)Immobilization
7)Restriction to daily activities
What are the best two places to intervene in the fall cycle?
1)Loss of balance and Fear of Falling Again: Talk to somebody
2)Self Restriction of PA: Tell them how to do it in a safe way
What are the seven steps of the fall cycle?
1)Fall
2)Loss of Balance Confidence
3)Fear of Falling again
4)Self Restriction of PA
5)Reduced muscle strength –> Impaired balance
6)Abnormal gait, more unstable on feet
7)Increased risk of falling
What is cautious gait?
Excessive degree of age-related changes in walking and fear of falling
What is Frozen Gait?
Abnormal gait patter in which there are sudden short temporary episodes of an inability to move the feet forward despite intention to walk
(Feet stay but body moves/ Want to but can’t)
What is the best way to target gait problems?
PT
What are some examples of gait and what is there purpose?
Purpose: Thought to reduce risk of falling when actually increases risk
-Slow
-Wide Base
-Cautious
-No-Arm Movement
-Small Steps
-Lean Forward
What is Fraility?
A State of increased vulnerability to disease and disability
What term is used to reduce risk of fraility?
AVOID
A:Activity
V:Vaccinate
O:Optimize Medications
I:Interact
D:Diet and Nutrition
What is cognition?
Set of all mental abilities and processes relate to knowledge.
What are some examples of cognition? x9
-Attention
-Memory
-Working memory
-Judgment/Evaluation
-Reasoning
-Problem Solving
-Decision Making
-Comprehension
-Language