Knowledge test p1 Flashcards
year 12
Which experimental method controls the IV and extraneous variables and takes place in a controlled lab setting?
Lab
Which experimental method controls the IV and takes place in a non-controlled setting?
Field
Which experimental method doesn’t directly manipulate the IV and takes place in a controlled lab setting?
Quasi
Which experimental method doesn’t directly manipulate the IV and takes place in a non-controlled setting?
Natural
What is an advantage of a lab experiment?
High internal validity as can manipulate IV
What is a disadvantage of a lab experiment?
Low ecological validity
What is an advantage of a quasi experiment?
Controls extraneous variables
What is a disadvantage of a quasi experiment?
Low ecological validity
What is an advantage of a natural experiment?
High ecological validity
What is a disadvantage of a natural experiment?
Low internal validity - no control over extraneous variables
What is an advantage of a field experiment?
High ecological validity
What is a disadvantage of a field experiment?
Low internal validity as low control over extraneous variables
What is an independent variable?
What we change in an experiment
What is a dependent variable?
What we measure in an experiment
What is an extraneous variable?
Any variable other than the IV that could affect the findings of the study
What is a confounding variable?
Extraneous variables that haven’t been controlled so have affected the dependent variable.
What does operationalisation mean?
A detailed explanation of a variable so it can be replicable and measurable.
What is a hypothesis?
A testable statement about the expected outcome.
What is the difference between an experimental and an alternative hypothesis?
Experimental = predicts relationships between variables - used in experiments.
Alternative= Used in something that’s not an experiment e.g in an observation.
What is the difference between a one tailed and a two tailed hypothesis?
One tailed states the direction of the experiment. Two tailed states there will be a relationship but not the direction.
What are the other names for one tailed and two tailed hypotheses?
Directional and non-directional
What is a null hypothesis?
States that there will be no relationship between variables
What are demand characteristics?
Where people guess the aim of the experiment and therefore change their behaviours.
What is social desirability?
When someone changed their answer because they want to appear a certain way
What is the screw you effect?
When someone doesn’t want to do the experiment well as they’ve guessed the aim and wants to ruin the findings
What type of design is where all the participants experience every experimental condition?
Repeated
What type of design is when all the participants are split into groups and each group only experiences one condition?
Independent
What design is when the participants in different conditions but are matched on a relevant characteristic?
Matched Pairs
Why is counterbalancing used?
So order differences don’t make a big impact on the findings
What type of sample is when names are picked out of a hat?
Random
What type of sample is when every nth person is selected?
Systematic
What type of sample is when ratios are used?
Stratified
What type of sample is when whoever is available is used in the study?
Opportunity
What type of sample is when adverts are used?
Volunteer
What is the difference between controlled and naturalistic observations?
Naturalistic = normal environment
Controlled = In a lab setting
What is the difference between participant and non participant observations?
P= researcher takes part
NP= Researcher doesn’t take part
What is the difference between overt and covert observations?
Covert= Unaware of being watched
Overt= Aware of being watched
What is the difference between structured and unstructured interviews?
Structured: List of behaviours looking for
Unstructured: No list just watch and copy down behaviours
What is time sampling?
Record behaviours ever nth minute.
What is event sampling?
Record behaviour every instance it occurs.
What are behavioural categories?
Operationalised list of behaviours that you look out for within an observation.
What is inter-observer reliability?
Testing to check both observers get the same results by comparing them.
What are the 4 types of questions used in a questionnaire?
- open
- closed
- likert scale
- filler
What is a filler question?
To throw them off the aim of the study - a question that acts as a lie detector
What is a pilot study?
Trial/ initial small scale study to see fi the study will work.
What does a correlation co-efficient tell us?
The strength and direction of the correlation
What figures can a correlation co-efficient be between?
-1 and 1
What type of experimental design is a correlation always?
Repeated - variables between 2 things or same people
What is the main disadvantage of a correlation?
Can’t establish a cause and effect of the relationships
Why can correlations be useful?
When it’s too unethical to do a lab experiment
