Knowledge Flashcards
1
Q
who was the first author of the first text in the greek world?
A
Hesiod - theory about creation
- says he can speak with authority’s about materials because he was given the power to do so by the musees
2
Q
theories about the start of the world?
A
- came from chaos (void) of nothingness
- from the void came Gaia, Tartarus, Erebus, and Eros
- gaia gives birth to the sky (ouranos), mountains, pontos (sea)
3
Q
first generation of gods
A
- gaia/ouranos
- sacred marriage between the two - gaia does not need male counterpart to give birth however
4
Q
from Ouranos seeds, which creatures were created
A
- Twelve Titan (kronos, rhea, kapetos, oceanos, hyperian…)
- the cyclopes - Brontes, Steropes, Arges
- the 100 handers (hecatonchires) - cottos, briareos, gyges
- the furies (considered enemies of the gods)
5
Q
Castration of Ouranos myth
A
- Gaia’s kids get shoved back into her womb, so Kronos castrates ouranos to leave him powerless
- shows matriarchal vs patriarchal religions
- this is because ouranos was depicted as a brutal figure, and gaia one of wit and power
6
Q
the furies
A
- furies are in tartarus
- act as zeus’s henchmen, meant to drive characters insane
7
Q
The graces and seasons
A
- aphrodite’s attendants
- charites (graces) and horae (seasons)
8
Q
Aphrodite
A
- typically depicted naked as a god of love and attraction
9
Q
oceanos
A
- significant titan who mated with other titan Tethys
- birthed Oceanids (streams, springs, rivers)
10
Q
Hyperion
A
- father of Helios (sun), Selene (moon), Eos (dawn)
- Eos “rosy-fingered” “saffron robed” myth of being caught with areas who is cheating on aphrodite
- myth of tithonus, Eos abducts him and asks zeus if he will make him immortal because she wants him as a boyfriend, as well as boyfriend myth that Selene requested endymion be with her forever but zeus makes it so he sleeps forever
11
Q
The three fates (Moirai)
A
- children of Nyx (night)
- Three old women or birth spirits
- Clotho (spinner
- Lachesis (apportioner)
- atropos (inflexible)
12
Q
what does gaia represent?
A
- represents that the greeks could have a matriarchal religion
- she is also evidence of matriarchy in early religions (worship of divine female over male)
- she is depicted as smart and powerful
- the earth which everything is based on
13
Q
First Generation born from Rheia and Cronos
A
- Hestia (earth)
- Demeter (fertility)
- Hera (wife of zeus, marriage)
- hades (brother of zeus)
- poseidon (brother of zeus)
- zeus
14
Q
prohecy of kronos being overthrown?
A
- Kronos hears that he will be overthrown by his own child so he gobbles his own children before that can happen
- so rheia hides zeus on a mountain and is raised by a goat Amaltheia and protected by Corybantes/Curetes who hide Zeus’s cries by banging shields together
- Kronos pukes up his kids when he is fed the omphalos stone instead of zeus
15
Q
Zeus
A
- some say zeus was born on mont Ida in create as shown on symbols and shields
- some say arcadia
- he’s associated with eagles
- puts omphalos stone at the center of the greek world and grows an army to battle the titans
- breaks free the hundred handers who forge his thunderbolt
- is depicted as helping the downtrodden
16
Q
Battle of titans
A
- 1st battle of zeus’s rise to power
- kronos and his siblings are imprisoned
17
Q
Battle of Gigantomachy
A
- battle of giants
- gaia is angry at zeus for defetaing the titans
- ## hercules appears to aid the gods and they win
18
Q
third battle of gigantomachy - “battle of typhon”
A
- child of gaia and tartarus
- hesiod calls this monster “typhoeus”
- zeus fought typhon seeing that he was powerful
- sentences him to be chained into tartarus
- now mount sicily is a volcano because of typhonomachy
19
Q
atlas and prometheus
A
- prometheus whose name means forthought, chose to battle with the gods and his brother atlas sided with the titans and was tasked to hold up the boulder or essentially the sky in the underworld
20
Q
Zeus defeats the prophecy of male succession?
A
- yes he thinks he defeats the prophecy of being overthrown when he eats Metis who is pregnant with Athena
- then athena is birthed from zeus
- this means that zeus swallows the personification of intelligence and can now act with female intelligence
21
Q
Second generation of olympian gods
A
athena, hephaistos, ares, apollo, artemis, dionysos, hermes, Aphrodite
- twelve olympian gods that dwell on mt olympus
- eventually dionysos replaces hestia and hades gets kicked to the underworld
22
Q
Why is zeus different from other gods, and past leaders?
A
- uses diplomacy to recruit allies
- enlists allies
- delegates authority
- a shift to patriarchy (reflects a cultural shift towards civilizing actions over brutality)
- does sleep around but is married to hera which strengthens the marriage
23
Q
Creation of mortal myths?
A
- variant narratives on the creation of mortals
- Prometheus, pandora, 5 ages of man, the flood
24
Q
main motifs in the storytelling patterns of creation?
A
- religious sacrifices
consequences for human transgressions
25
Prometheus and Epimetheus
- show the duality of siblings
- prometheus creates men from mud
- athena breathed life into the clay
- similar to biblical traditions in the genesis
26
Hesiod's theogony is about what?
- idea that zeus needs to punish mortals to instill order
- because prometheus stole fire he is bound to rocks and has his insides devoured on Mt Caucasus
- shows that zeus is depicted with law, brutality and justice
- prometheus acts as a martyr for human kind
- like jesus he gives us something in return for his suffering
27
Creation of pandora myth?
- pandora "all gifts"
- progenitor of the female race
- god takes part in her creation
- like eve she is created after man
- hesiod's punishment of man was the creation of women
- pandora comes from a jar, each god gave her a gift to be irresistible to men
- pandora opens the jar which unleashes all the evils of the world
28
Prometheus
- considered a hero of civilization
- a trickster you can root for
- deceits for good
- this story brings us closer to the divine
- prometheus brings us the gifts of fire
- gave order to social customs - ritual sacrifices
29
the five ages of man?
as ages past, quality of life deteriorates showing that mortals have angered the gods and deteriorated their lives
suffering is worse - as relfected by metals with less value
gold, silver, bronze (ends with a flood), heroic, iron
30
deucalion and the flood
- flood is caused by transgressions of Lycaon, king of arcadia against Zeus
- Lycaon agreed to provide zeus hospitality but tried to give him human meat
- the only people that survive the flood are decualion and pyrrha - deucalion sacrifices and prayers to zeus that they repopulate the world with humans
- they give birth to hellen - where greek word "hellenes stems from"
31
cross cultural references to the book of genesis?
- transgressions
- punishments
- floods
- sacrifice and prayer
- prosperity
- humanity is created in the image of god
32
what is the divine hierarchy?
1. zeus
2. the olympians
3. other gods and goddesses
4. demigods./heroes
5. divine spirits who animate nature (nymphs, river gods, etc)
6. strange, scary creatures
33
what is anthropomorphism
- human attributes given to the gods
| - could be used to the gods as a product of humanism, a sense of idealistic optimism in the face of realistic pessimism
34
where do the gods live?
- Mt Olympus
35
what do gods eat and drink?
they eat ambrosia, drink nectar, have ichor instead of blood
36
Xenophanes had what argument against anthropomorphism ?
- that if animals worshipped the gods they would probably think that the gods were animals as well
- homer and hesiod showed them as being vengeful and adulterers or intangible beings that are also forces of nature
37
xenophanes thoughts about monotheism?
- thinks that god is unlike any human
- god perceives everything
- god sets everything in motion
- god is motionless
- thinks that the divine are detached and perfect beings who don't care about human affairs
38
what is the nature of zeus?
- justice, law, and hospitality
- zeus is the benefactor of human kind
- king of the upperworld who upholds moral values
- protects suppliants
- hospitality and upholding of oaths
- instills harsh punishment and is there to uphold order and establish moral authority for society
- sacred bird is eagle
- patron of guests and strangers
- thunder and lightning as well as regal as king of the gods and mature bearded mature man
- sacred tree - oak tree
39
who were zeus' and hera's kids?
- Hebe, Hephaestus, Ares, eileithyia
40
hera
- matronly appearance, crown, scepters
- sacred bird is a peacock
- goddess of marriage
41
who was zeus' first mortal affair?
- Io
- she was a priestess of Hera
- so hera got Io turned into a white cow
- etiology of ionian sea
42
what was zeus' second mortal affair?
- phoenician woman from tyre
- descendent from Io
- zeus disguises as a bull and wisks her away
- their kids are minos, rhadamanthys, sarpedon
43
what was zeus' third mortal affair?
- Leda
- zeus disguises himself as a swan has sex with her the same night she has sex with Tyndareos the king of sparta
- then she hatches eggs which birth Clymnestra, Castor, and twins helen and polydeuces
44
what was zeus fourth mortal affair?
- zeus and semele
- dionysos comes from this affair
- hera convinces semele to have zeus come to visit her
- she is accidentally killed by fire bolts
45
Myth of Aphrodite and her sash?
- aphrodite's sash allows her to manipulate desire
- hera wants her sash so she goes to the personification of sleep
- the personification of sleep dosne't want to anger zeus
- so he learns of heras plan and he threatens her
46
Poseidon characteristics
- mature, bearded male, trident
- god of sea, earthquakes, associated with bulls and horses
- known for the walls of troy
- children - triton, polyphemus, theseus
- has marriage with amphitrite
- has control over the sea
47
poseidon myths
- Odysseus blinds poythemus so poseidon is angry
- poseidon makes odysseus lose all his comrades
- the oddyssey is about the wrath of poseidon
- could be linked to dangers of the sea
48
Dionysus
- god of wine and grapes
- madness and theatre
- his symbology is ivy, grapes, figs, leopard skin, phallus, bull's horn, chariots drawn by leopards, animals
- the thrysos and musical instruments
- youthful or mature i
- his quest is to protect his goodhood
- feminine depiction as he was raised by the nymphs on mt nysa
49
what was childhood of dionysos like?
- he was threatened by Hera after-birth that she would be jealous cuz he was born from an affair
- hermes hides him
- sisters of ino disrespect the memory of semele
- he spreads his religion and godhead to protect the memories of his mom
- cross-dressing, shapeshifting, miracles, human sacrifice
- he kills those who don't believe him and supports those that do
- divine trickster and always smiling
50
The minyades
three daughters of Minyas who disrespect the religion of Dionysos
51
dionysos can do what to people?
- Liber "The free one"
- intoxication
- loss of awareness
- sexual apetite
- madness
- esctasy "standing outside of oneself"
- madness or prophetic trance
52
who are dionysos's attendants?
- maenads or bacchae
- satyrs (male, part goat)
- silenos (old satyr, tutor of dionysos)
53
Dionysos tales
- travels from the east in ritual fanfare
- his story can be compared to the procession of jesus
- dionysos and ariadne get together
- his ritual worship is the origin of performance in the greek world
- dionysos tells us we can liberate ourselves in theatre
- when hephaistos gets thrown off a mountain dionysos convinces him to go back
54
what is dionysos's main story pattern?
- he is insecure
- divine vengeance as a story pattern
- his quest is to prove his mom slept with another immortal
- he can bring great happiness
- also brings madness and destruction
- nature allows for freedom of all speech
- enthusiasm "possessed by him" meaning he's into you
55
phallic processions loool
phallic processions are kind of a comedy
- parades were a common feature of these processions
- similarly goats were characterized as sexual in nature
- comprised of young boys and men who would play multiple roles in the play
- satyrs plays were associated with fertility rituals
56
Euripides Bacchae
- set in thebes
- quest to uphold semeles story and challenge disbelievers of his godhead
- women in thebes don't believe his story and are driven out of the city
- dionysos drives pentheus mad
- he is torn apart by sparagmos - by his mother and sister
- cadmus and tiresias, cadmus becomes the king of Thebes, tiresias is a famous prophet
57
character of pentheus
- has an obsession with women on Mt. Cithaeron
- cross dressing character who brings up question... Fantasy or self revelation? Is it a fantasy, or was it self revelation induced by dionysos, is it about the womens sexual misdeeds, or what he wants to partake in?
- young, arrogant, hubristic
58
Aphrodite
- myths associated with her makes u think she can make anyone fall in love
- godess of love, sex, desire, fertility
- is considered cyprian because she first stepped onto the land of cyprus
- alternative birth story of coming from zeus and dione
- portrayed as nude typically on a chariot pulled by bird (doves. swallows, swans)
- goddess of frills and goodtimes
- sash which represents ability to make anyone fall into desire
- married to hephaistos
- accompanied by the charites and horae
- 3 graces, 3 horae (stand for beauty, youth, and regeneration)
- tied to cycles of nature
59
who are the three hearts aphrodite can not beguile?
athena, artemis, hestia
| - not even zeus can escape her however
60
myth of anchises and aphrodite
- zeus gets aphrodite to have the desire to sleep with a mortal woman
- the man he gets her to lust for is anchises
- she appeared to him like an unwedded maiden and lies and says they are mortal
- they sleep together and she reveals she is a godess
- he is worried about the gods and the kid named aineas they will have together
- if he boasts about sleeping with aphrodite she says he will die by Zeus
- was also afraid of becoming sterile
61
what is plato's myth about the origin of the sexes?
- used to be three kinds of humans, female, male, and adrogynous
- male was offspring of sun, woman of eatyj. and androgynous the moon - humans were attached together and way to strong
- so zeus cut them in two
- now humans are cursed for longing their other half
- so zeus invented genitals for reproduction
- if you oppose love you're hateful to the gods
62
aphrodite's birth accounts?
- signify her dual nature (sacred vs profane love)
- celestial aphrodite born from ouranos and sea foam represents heavenly love
- common aphrodite - from zeus and dione represents physical love and satisfaction
63
hephaistos and aphrodite
- a union of love, deformity
- her union to hephaistos represents spark of creativity
- he is symbolic of a manifestation of craft/project
- she lights his fire to create
64
who were the children of aphrodite?
- with ares → eros, phobos, deimos, harmonia
- eros → little cupid
- phobos → personification of fear
- deimos → personification of panic
- harmonia → personification of harmony and peace
- with hermes → hermaphroditus and priapus
- anchises → aeneas
65
who was eros?
- always seems unassuming and is a small winged boy
- hesiod claims eros is a generative force at the beginning of the cosmos before ouranos was around
- two birth accounts (areas and aphrodites product) (heavenly from hesiods account)
- typically feared because the love he causes is associated with physical and mental effects, panic, anxiety, sleep loss
- things phaedra experiences in the hippolytus for example
66
aphrodite and ares?
- she is said to disarm the war god with her feminine wiles
- when they are together signifies a time of peace and harmony
-
67
what was lucretius's poem about venus?
- teaches us about positive effects of epicurean philosophy
| - venus is generative force of universe in a cycle of life and nature
68
who is hermaphroditus?
- a representation of love in all of its manifestations
- any conforming or nonconforming type of sex and identity is what he represents
- half man half woman
- became half woman after his union with the water nymph salmacis and they are joined together
- tale which represents sacred love, union
69
who was atalante?
- daughter of iasion
- her father exposed her at birth because he wanted sons
- instead she is nursed by female bear on mont parthenion
- hunters raise her after
- she loves virginity and avoids men
- wanted to emulate artemis as a maiden forever
- she hunted anyone and everyone
- was irresistible beautiful and scary
- killed centaurs who came after her
70
birth story of artemis and appollo?
leto daughter of coios sleeps with zeus and is chased by hera until she arrives at the island of Delos to give birth to them
- she is very important to the twins and they would visit her on delphi to dance together
71
who was actaion?
son of autonoe and aristaios, who was raised by chiron and trained to be a hunter
- devoured by his own dogs after being turned into a deer after he saw artemis bathing naked
- a statue was made of him to comfort his dogs after
72
myth of scorpio the scorpion?
- artemis had a scorpion from the island of chios sting and kill orion because he had previously assaulted her
- zeus placed the scorpion among the stars so future generations could see its power
73
artemis
- mistress of animals or beasts
- wild in nature but tame in presentation
- protector of children because she is close to her mother leto
- cult founded for her helps people move on from childhood and liminal stages of life
- iconography: bow and arrow, crescent shaped moon
- not associated with civilizing forces like appollo
74
what was the calydonian boar hunt?
- meleager was the prince of his community, considered a hero
- the fates visit his mother Althaia on the 7th day of his life and say that when the log stops burning he will die
- she hides the log and his father oineus offers fruits of harvest to all gods except artemis
- so artemis sends a boar to terrorize the countryside
- meleager calls heroes to go on the boar hunt and atalante tags along (he is also in love with her )
- she shoots the boar and he gives the spoils to her which pisses his uncles off, so he kills them, which pisses his mom off so she kills him
- atalante represents chastity and ferosity in this tale
75
story of orion the hunter?
- mighty and amorous hunter
- wanted to marry a girl named merope who was the daughter of the king of chios
- son of poseidon who could walk the sea
- he is blinded by oinopion and goes to hephaistos' forge where he is lead to the sun and is given his sight back
- could also have been lead by eos
- could have also been killed by artemis for trying to rape her followers or challenging her hence she sends a scorpion to kill him
76
Euripides
his plays tested the tolerance of his male audience
- he drew on difficult topics that got the audience to reflect on their transgressions
- had female protagonists that weren't always portrayed awesome
- theatre of dionysos in athenes is where a lot of his shows were
- euripides Bacchae is an example of his work
77
how did hera have hephaistos?
in the myth he was born without sex
- she had him with zeus and zeus was said to have thrown him out of the heavens for helping her when she was all chained up
- thetis later saves hephaistos after he falls on lemnos and becomes crippled
78
myth of tiresas and athena?
- athena loved one nymph in particular teiresia's mother chariclo
- they bathed and he saw athena naked
- so night took away his vision and charichlo was angered at athena
- athena says it is cronos''s law that whoever gazes on a god when they wish not to be seen will pay the price
- makes tiresias a celebrated prophet in the songs of prosperity
- he will deliver oracles, understand birds
79
myth of Vulcan and minerva?
(athena and hephaistos)
- hephaistos asks for thunderbolts from zeus in return he can have whatever he wants
- so he asks for athena to be his wife, zeus ordered she is protected through force of arms
- yet when they go into the bedroom he gets semen on the floor or from being pushed off the mountain and from this erichthonius was born and athena hides him in a chest with a snake as a guard and entrusts it to the sister aglaurus and pandora
- he invents the chariot and race track as well as becomes king of athenians
- whole myth is a representation of desire insinuating itself into wisdom to give birth to struggle and envy
80
story of founding of athens?
- argument between poseidon and athena over who would be first to found a city on the soil
- zeus is the judge of their dispute and athena wins because she planted the first olive tree in that land
- olive tree represents sustenance and fortune as well as stable of greek diet
- so poseidon becomes angry and floods the land and athens becomes the first town built on that land
81
athena
iconography: female wearing warriors outfit, spear and shielf, a type of aegis, a helmet
- daughter of zeus
- virgin goddess
- domestic crafts and war
- symbols - owl, olive tree, aegis
- patron of athesn
- can be seen as a master trickster/deceiver
- not traditionally female in traits and not associated with frivoities of the womanly world
- her simplicity is celebrated - benevolence to Tiresias, authority, power
82
athena's facts
- from personification of intelligence metis
- she is worshipped in riutals in the city of argos where ritual bathing occurs with maidens
- played a big role in battle of the gigantomachy
83
what is the parthenon?
parthenon → temple to the city’s patron and protector, athena, as a parthenos
- parthenos meaning → maiden, celebrating her virginity
84
hephaistos
- god of fire, blacksmithing, crafts
- a lame god as he was thrown off mount olympus
- married to aphrodite
- a civilizing god who gave humans craft
85
Hephaistos birth accounts?
- iliad → hera gave birth to him without sexual intercourse after being jealous of zeus birthing athena alone
- hephaistos is a favorite son but she was ashamed of his deformity → she throws him off the balcony
- he is ashamed now too and doesn’t want to return home → dionysos gets him drunk and brings him back to mt olympos
- other story → zeus flips him off balcony for trying to help hera and he lands on lemnos → this is what cripples him
86
Ares?
- god of war birthed out of necessity
- represents war, violence, and blood
- son of zeus and hera
- iconography : helmeted greek soldier
- sacred animal: boar
- orginiated in thrase
- not popular with the greeks, enlisting him is a last resort - violence gets the job done
- father of nike
87
myth of ares, aprhodite, and hephaistos?
- ares sneaks into her room to cheat on hephaistos so he sets a trap to catch them in the act - however poseidon convinces him to take off the trap so they can leave
88
Appolo's nature
- young god
- portrayed as a beardless young man
- god of poetry, music, prophecy and disease
- symbology: laurel tree, laurel wreath, the cithara (lyre), the bow
- he brings fresh young perspective to outdated way s
- associated with violent punishments and music (such as tale of marysas a satyr who challenges him to a music battle and when he loses gets hung from a tree with his skin carved off
89
The myth of Niobe?
- theban qeen
- orginially built the city of thebes
- gave birth to 17 children
- was arrogant about her ability to have so many kids so appollo and artemis kill all except one as a punishment for her arrogance
90
what is delphi?
- located on slopes of mount parnassus which contained temples, treasuries of cities, stadiums, theaters
- site of pythian or olympic games which were celebrated every 4 years
- considered the center of the religious world
- pythia becomes the mouthpiece of the god appolo as a kind of oracle there, where she'd speak in gibberish which would be interpreted by priests into greek
91
myth of delphi and appollo ?
- apollo gets tricked to go to crisa
- heroic pattern to slay a dragon and protect the local population
- dragoness who is fostered by hear is slain
- also myths of appolo appearing as a dolphin to pirates and cretans on sips
92
who were the three loves of appollo?
1. cassandra (who is cursed with the child pious, appollo curses her so no one believes they slept together)
2. daphne (daughter of amyclas, didn't mingle with other girls, leucippos dresses up like a girl to get close to her and when appollo forces him to reveal he is a man at the spring they throw spears at him) (appollo chases her down after and to escape him she prays to zeus he turns her into a laurel)
3. hyacinthos (his boyfriend who is also loved by thamyris, who wills that when appollo throws his discus the wind blows so stong it kills hyacinthos) (hyacinth flowers come from his blood)
- later thamyris is challenged to a battle of scythera against the muses and loses his sight
93
Hermes
- associated with tame countryside
- god of change, boundaries, roads
- messenger/tricketer
- patron of travelers, merchants, thieves
- he invents the lyre, sandals, sacrifice, fire, panpipes
- mom is maia, dad is zeus
- sacrificial fire comes from him when he burns cows
- story of being born and stealing appollo's cattle as well as fashioning a lyre out of a turtle
- states that he wants power and does not wish to be a second rate god
iconography:
1. the petasus - the hat he wears, large brim
2. caduceus - staff with snakes wrapped around it, snakes = connection to the underworld
3. talaria - winged sandals, helped him get from one place to another very quickly
-
94
Pan
home- arcadia
father - hermes
mother - dryope
- pastoral god that is hidden in the woods as a child that dionysos takes a liking to
- plays reeds and slays beasts
- -all the gods loved him
-born to a mortal, came out with a beard and hooves
95
Demeter
- sister of zeus/daughter of rhea/cronos
- godess of grain and harvest, fertility, life and death cycle
- symbology: wheat, red poppy, often enthroned with a staff as well as matronly veil
- her daughter persephone shares her moms symbology
96
Persephone
- dad zeus mom demter
- queen of dead typically on a throne
- represents the age. ofinnocence and levity
- giver of life and or sustenance of life
97
demeter and erysichthon
Erysichthon cut down some sacred nature, so Demeter responded by punishing him by entreating Limos, the spirit of unrelenting and insatiable hunger, to place herself in his stomach. Food acted like fuel on a fire: The more he ate, the hungrier he got.
- tales are told with the purpose of making her smile and entertaining her to ensure agriculcural abundance
98
Eleusinian mysteries ?
- mystery religion/cult
- rites in honour of demeter at eleusis
- had secret initiation processes where the followed the movement of demeter through her journeys
99
Abduction of persephone?
- zeus agrees to let her be taken as she is a girl and property of her father
- so after kidnapped by aioneus demeter refuses to eat or drink because hecate says he saw she was taken
- thereafter she arrives in eleusis in disguise searching for persephone as a nurse
- the queen metaneiira allows her to nurture a child celeos from another family, who becomes a god through his upbringing
- demeter wants to suffer as persephone is until she comes back and refuses to go back to olympus until she finds her
- this leaves humans dying with grain, and gods can't survive without human sacrifices so zeus tells her persephone is in the underworld
100
persephone in the underhold?
- persephone is tricked into eating a pomegranate and must remain in the underworld for a certain duration of time a year
- this is why one third of the year nothing grows becaue demeter is sad and misses her daughter
101
Tartarus
- means "deep place"
- is a prison for the titans and a place of punishment for select mortals
- tityos (tried to rape leto), tantalus (tried to feed gods a banquet of flesh, sisyphus, and ixion (tried to rape hear so he is tied to a wheel which constantly turns)
102
Who are the judges of the underworld?
minos, rhadamanthys, aeecus
103
appolos two major sites of worship?
delos and delphi
104
appollo and hermes frienship?
appollo brings hermes to zeus to settle thier cattle dispute, and they both vow to become friedns who can play the lyre and never steal from on another
105
Etiological Stories
type of mythical story
explanation of fact/custom
how something originated
where it came from
from Greek word aitia ("causes")
106
Allegorical Approach
favors metaphorical interpretation, that traditional tales hold some profound meaning
story may tern into allegory/sustained metaphor, where details are symbols of universal truths
107
Nine Muses
inspiration for Hesiod (and all poets)
Mnemosyne, Calliope
often associated with Apollo
108
Calliope
muse of epic poetry
iconography: writing tablet
109
Chaos
void" or "chasm"
beginning of world (before there was anything)
110
Hieros Gamos
sacred marriage
111
Epicurus
Believed that the gods are beyond our understanding and that they are so perfect, they wouldn't even meddle in human's business
They do not look like humans and they don't interact with them
Humans reach happiness when they understand their impact on the world and where they fit in
He doesn't believe in Polytheistic traditions because Gods don't meddle in mortals' business
112
Cleanthes on Zeus
Zeus is not human like
He is a divine force of stoic logos (reason) and justice
He control the consequences of our transgressions
He helps us and pushes us along a certain path
Myths are simply teaching tools
113
Why is Hermes called Argeiphontes
He slayed Argos for his father Zeus when he was asked to free Io from Argos
114
The two etiologies associated with Io's wandering
The Ionian Sea
| The Bosphorus - where she wanders through before getting to Egypt
115
Poseidon's children
Triton (with Amphitrie) - merman
Polyphemus
Theseus
116
Omophagia
Eating raw flesh
117
Four Steps of Intoxication
1. Intoxication (Ino)
2. Loss of awareness (Autonoe)
3. Sexual appetite (Semele)
4. Madness (Agave)
118
Why are red poppies associated with Demeter?
Because they are associated with death or eternal sleep AND they also grow on wheat
119
Rivers of the Underworld
```
Styx (where you cross over)
Archeon (River of woe)
Lethe (River of forgetfulness
Cocytos (River of wailing)
Phlegethon (River of fire)
```
120
Why is Tantaius in Tartarus?
He tried to feed his son Pilops to the gods - transgression of hospitality
Chained to a tree - every time he wants water, the river moves away, every time he is hungry, the tree with apple moves away
121
Why is Ixion in Tartarus?
He tried to rape Hera (cloud shaped Hera made by Zeus) - his seed falls to the ground, creating the firs centaur
Punishment is to be stretched out on a wheel for all eternity
122
Apollo's birth account
- born on the floating island of Delos
- the island was moving around and her name was Asteria (who was always able to escape the wrath of Hera), she was like a shooting star
- Leto promises her that Apollo will make her a sacred shrine and at this moment she becomes Delos - she puts her roots in the ground and she's no longer moving, and Leto is able to give birth
- the moment this god (Apollo) jumps out of the womb of Leto, he breaks free from his swaddling and pronounces this is going to be my nature (arrow, the bow and the hunt, creativity of music)
123
Apollo as a conquering hero at Delphi
- Telphousa see's that Apollo is greater than her, and she tells him to go to Crisa and he goes and there he meets the dragoness who is ravaging the countryside and upsetting the population that is living there, and Apollo slays this dragon and becomes the hero
- Pytho - she wants him to rot (what she says when she is dying)
