final exam Flashcards

Question 1

Q

what pattern does hercules follow?

Answer

A

propps hero pattern
- the 10 step heroic pattern that is typical in folk tales
-

Question 2

Q

who is hercules?

Answer

A

son of zeus (name means glory of hera)
considered the greatest greek hero
primitive in nature
achieved divine status at death
protector by definition, civilizing force that kills monsters and founds cities
founded the olympic games

Question 3

Q

what is the iconography of hercules?

Answer

A

bow and arrows
lion skin
club

Question 4

Q

what was the story of hercules’ youth?

Answer

A

raised in thebes
when human father (amphitron is off to war) zeus takes a liking to alcemena
he comes to alcemena in the from of amphitryon and they sleep together
heracles is conveived
when amphitryon comes back she sleeps with him and conceives heracles twin brother —-iphicles
hera is jealous so she sends snakes into his crib
he defeats the serpent
but eurisythius is born firsr so hercules has to serve labours for euristhius
his teachers are amphitryon, linus, and eurytos
kills linus

Question 5

Q

who does hercules kill?

Answer

A

linus his centaur mentor bc he cant play the lyre lool

- because of this blood guilt he is sent to mount cithaeron

Question 6

Q

herclues does what on mount cithaeron?

Answer

A

amphitryon sends him there to tend to sheep after being acquitted in death of Linus
where he hears the problem of the lion
kills the lion by strangling it to death
(also symbolic for an initiation from boyhood to manhood)
from this he gains iconic lion skin

-

Question 7

Q

heracles and the minyans vs thebans

Question 8

Q

how many labours must heracles complete before he can continue his quest?

Answer

A

12 to achieve immortality and the end

Question 9

Q

where hercules get his weapons from?

Answer

A

bow from apollo, gold breastplate from hephaestus, club made by himself, and robe from athena

Question 10

Q

what does heracles do in delphi?

Question 11

Q

Propps hero pattern

Answer

A

1) ) The hero usually has elements of the extraordinary linked to his
birth and his childhood.
2) He faces opposition from the beginning, and he must prove his
worth by surmounting challenges.
3) His enemy(ies) usually instigate his achievement.
4) He is helped by at least one ally, divine or human.
5) He faces obscene obstacles, often labors that must be
accomplished or a quest that must be completed.
6) Adventurous conflicts with divine, human, or monstrous
opponents present him with physical, sexual, and spiritual
challenges.
7) He may also have to observe taboos – e.g., he must NOT look
back, eat forbidden fruit, or be too inquisitive.
8) Death itself is the ultimate conquest, usually achieved by going
to and returning from the Underworld.
9) The hero’s success may be rewarded with marriage, political
security, or wealth and power.
10) But knowledge through suffering and more lasting spiritual
enlightenment (literal or symbolic) – entailing purification,
rebirth, redemption, and even deification – are also part of
the hero’s attainment.

Question 12

Q

family of heracles

Answer

A

mother - alcmene daughter of electryon king of mycenae
human father, Amphitryon, son of Alcaeus
- twin brother, Iphicles

Question 13

Q

what is hercules reward for defeat of minyans?

Answer

A

marriage to megara

Question 14

Q

who does heracles serve in delphi?

Answer

A

the king of tiryns

Question 15

Q

where are first 6 labours oh heracles?

Answer

A

in the northern peloponnese

Question 16

Q

where are last 6 labours of heracles?

Answer

A

all over the world

Question 17

Q

The lernean hydrra was labour ?

Answer

A

labour 2

heracles received help from mortal nephew iolaos
where he got his fancy poisonous arrows with hydra blood
iolas cauterizes the head of each hydra while heracles cuts it off

Question 18

Q

what is the life of heracles an allegory for?

Answer

A

a life of vice and pleasure

Question 19

Q

labour 3, 4 - heracles

Answer

A

The cerynitian deer
- sacred to artemis and appolo
- he negotiates with them and is able to take the deer alive to eurytheus and let it go free
the erymanthian boar
- boar is ravaging countryside of erymanthus
- pholos shows up and shows hospitality to heracles - who asks for wine
- if he opens the wine the centaurs will smell it and attack them
- heracles doesn’t listen he opens the wine anyway and the cnetaurs come to attack him
- he kills centaurs until he gets to chirons cave and a poison arrow accidentally kills him
- pholos also picks up an arrow and dies
- shows heracles vice

Question 20

Q

Why is heracles story following the propps hero pattern?

Answer

A

consideres the quest a universal hero structure
extrordinary elements influence his birth and childhood
faces insurmountable challenges
enemies instigate his achievements
helped all allies human or otherwise
had conflicts with morals, the divine, and monsters he had to physically come over
has taboos such as extreme anger
death is ultimate conquest as shown by entry to the underworld
hero is rewarded with marriage, political security, wealth and power

Question 21

Q

Labour 5 heracles - the augeian stables

Answer

A

the augeian stables
Augeias tasks heracles to clean out horse stables that are full of shit
he says hell clean out the stables in return to getting half the cattle
gets help from athena to divert a river to run through the stables
however he does not give heracles the cattle anyway and kicks he and phyleus out
when heracles comes back to kill him he founds the olympic games
side quest: he stops off at house of dexamenos and in return for hospitality and kindess heracles promises to kill unwanted centaur eurytion

Question 22

Q

labour 6,7 - heracles

Answer

A

kills the stymphalian birds which have metal feathers that would fall out and kill people
- with divine aid from athena he scares birds with castanests out of the bushes
most popular story was that poseidon sent this cretan bull to minos and then released the violent bull into mainland Greece which heracles captures and takes home

Question 23

Q

Labour 8 - heracles

Answer

A

man eating mares of diomedes
- who is son of ares and a thracian king.
- heracles kills diomedes and takes the mares which he dedicates to hera

Question 24

Q

labour 9 - heracles

Answer

A

The war belt of Hippolyte

the amazons: a tribe of warrior women from the island of theiscyra in mothern parts of the worl
the war belt symbolizes queenship and had magical powers
heracles is sent to stand against amazons and take war belt from the queen
the amazons enslaves and maimed boys at birth and girls were raised to hunt and fight
heracles talks to hippolytae who gives up the war belt tp him
hera thought he got it too easy, so she tells the amazons that heracles kidnapped hippolyta when they charge his ship he kills hippolyte
with aid of achilles all are killed
all amazons are killed off because they don’t fit into the greek world

Question 25

Q

heracles in troy

Answer

A

heracles stops in at troy
hesione is the sister of priam and daughter of king laomedon
troy was given massive walls in return to something from laomedon but they were never given something
so appolo sends plagues and poseidon sends monsters in ager
princess hesione must be sacricificed and let a beast eat her that poseidon has sent to appease him
but heracles defeats it and rescues her in return for immortal horses which laomedon doesn’t give him

Question 26

Q

Labour 10 - heracles

Answer

A

cattle of geryones

geryones is a triple bodied man
eurytion is his heardsman and orthos is his two-headed dog
heracles travles to this island to steal his cattle
its too hot to walk there so he shoots arrows at the sun and is given a divine cup by helios which transports him to the island
kills dog, herdmans. and geryones
takes cattle back in cup
(etiology) he sails back through the pillars of heracles which marks where u can navigate the greek world

Question 27

Q

Labour 11 - the apples of the hesperides on mt. atlas- heracles

Answer

A

step 1: find sea-god nereus
the hesperides → daughters of nyx
they guard a tree with golden apples that was gifted from gaia to zeus and hera with a snake named ladon (immortal serpent)
nymphs tell heracles he must get help from the sea-god nereus
heracles uses his smarts and grabs nereus so he stops shapeshifting and asks him how to get to the tree
2 side quests: antaeus who he squeezes to death and prometheus
he kills the eagle that is eating the liver of prometheus with a poisonous arrow
so prometheus tells him to go to atlast where he can find aplles
second step is tricking atlas into holding up the universe via apples
athena helps heracles hold up the universe
tricks atlas into holding the universe and runs away
could be considered a conquest of death

Question 28

Q

Labour 12 - cerberus - heracles

Answer

A

heracles goes into hades via caves of tainaron
he sees medusa and meleager
meleager asks him to take care of his sister
hades lets him take ceberus

Question 29

Q

leading up to the death of heracles

Answer

A

iole, daughter of eurytos, king of oichalia
Heracles falls for iole
eurytos is holding an archery competition for ioles hand in marriage -
heracles wins
but eurytos remembers the death of the children of megara and says no
he is driven to madness by hear and hills iphitos the brother of iole
goes to pythia to learn how to get rid of this blood guilt
pythia says he must be sold into slavery to be rid of his blood guilt
sold in slavery to omphale, queen of lydia
spent time there being frivolous (exchanged gender roles)
performed task of housewife

Question 30

Q

what were heracles deeds after omphale?

Answer

A

the first sack of troy
aided by telamon
hesione is given as a bride to telamon
storms the capital of troy together
declares that hesione can have any trojan slave they want - she chooses her brother podarces
also partakes in gighantomachy battle on plain of phlegra

Question 31

Q

Heracles in calydon

Answer

A

he leaves for calydon to fulfill his promise to meleager in the underworld
deianira is sister of meleager
must wrestle the river god acheloos to win her hand in marriage
water divinities shapeshift as the water changes shape
god comes to him in the form of a bull and heracles breaks off one of his horns to defeat him = when he returns the horn of amalthea he gets the magical cornucopia
heracles’ anger issues → he kills a son of oineus’ friend
- he puts himself into exile and makes his way to trachis with deianeira
- they come across a river where a boat is ferried by a centaur named nessos
- heracles can walk across the water, deianeira has to be ferried
- nessos tries to rape deianeira, heracles kills nessos with arrow
- nessos, while dying, tells deianeira that heracles has a wandering eye → tells her to mix nessos’ blood and semen to make a love potion for heracles
- deianeira actually makes the potion

Question 32

Q

heracles, eurytos, lichas, and deianeria

Answer

A

when they get to trachis, heracles decides again he is angry at eurytos → anger is one of his taboos
he goes back to oichalia and kills eurytos
he takes iole and wants to make sacrifice to zeus → asks his attendant lichas to bring a robe
deianeira douses the robe with the love potion, heracles puts it on and the robe starts to burn his flesh → he throws lichas off a cliff
deianeira kills herself because she feels bad
heracles knows he’s about to die → he builds a pyre on mt. oita
- philoctetes lights the pyre and in exchange he gets a bow from heracles
apotheosis of heracles → he becomes divine
- prize → hebe’s hand in marriage
- political security by hera

Question 33

Q

heracles death

Answer

A

his funeral pyre is held on mt oita
his mortal skin burns away and he gets the prize of apotheosis = deification after completing all his labours
he also is given hebe by hera in marriage
can now hang out on mt olympus with the other gods

Question 34

Q

Motifs for theseus’s stories

Answer

A

In what way does his story pattern follow heracles ?
How does theseus’ trip to Crete further his reputation as a hero?
How does Cnossos reflect Crete’s early mythology ?
How does theseus’ story contribute to athenian propaganda ?

Question 35

Q

Early myths of athens

Answer

A

autochthonous sprung from the earth and appeared snakelike, were always from this region and did not migrate

the early kings of athens
-KeKrops (founder of attica) during era of contest between athena and posiedon
- etichtonius - strange product of athena and hephaestos who founded olympic and panathenetic games (was civilizing aspect for an earlier king)
- erechtheus (founder of polis)
pandion - grandfather of theseus

Question 36

Q

Mythic Origins of the king of crete

Answer

A

Europa, sister of cadmos has three sons
- Minos, rhadamanthys, and king sarpedon
- Brothers - cadmos, phoenix, cilix
- After europa is abducted her father tells them to go find their sister
- They cant find her, but find thebes, phoenicia, and cilicia
Etiologies for locations
- asterios becomes the mortal husband of europa and the king of crete

Question 37

Q

backstory to minos becoming king of crete

Answer

A

minos asks gods to send a bull for sacrifice to prove his worth as a king
however he thinks bull is to beautiful to sacrifice
so poseidon makes the bull angry and violent
Pasiphaë: wife, also daughter of Helios
suddenly wants to sleep with a bull after being influenced by aphrodite
Ariadne, Androgeos, Phaidra: their children

Question 38

Q

who was daidalos?

Answer

A

a famous inventor and craftsman that was imprisoned on the island of crete
- his nephew (perdix of talos) is killed because he dosen’t want to be outstaged after talos shows his wit by using the jaw of a snakebone to cit something in half
so daidalos goes to crete in exile
- howver pasiphae needs help from daedalus to mate with the bull and he builds her a cow outfit
- this looks bad for the king so he gets daidolas to build a labyrinth under the palace for the minotaur

Question 39

Q

from union of cretan bull and pasiphae?

Answer

A

the minotaur

Question 40

Q

What was the minoan civilization?

Answer

A

considered a great sea power
showed their importance on the sea through marine style of pottery
bulls were important to their culture through artifacts (horns of consecration, bulls head rhyton, bull leaping fresco, crete)

Question 41

Q

athenian tribute backstory?

Answer

A

minotaur is coming of age and needs to be fed
minos is upset because androgeos is dead
- he was taking part in the panathenaic games
- androgeos is killed by the marathon bull
minos goes to the mainland of greece towards athens
minos prays to zeus to punish the athenians → zeus places a plague on their crop
oracle says to end the plague aigeus must pay whatever minos requests
7 boys and girls of athenian upper-class citizenry must be sent as tribute to the minotaur

Question 42

Q

who is theseus?

Answer

A

son of king aigeus (or poseidon) and aethra who is the daughter of pittheus the king of troizen
iconography: youthful, athletic with a sword
future king of athens

Question 43

Q

birth under unusual circumstances theseus

Answer

A

aigeus asked the oracle for children otherwise his brother pallas would take the throne
oracle: “not to undo the wineskin’s mouth until you arrive home in athens”
he stops in troizen and pittheos offers hospitality
pittheos realizes he must get aigeus drunk and make him sleep with his daughter
- oracle was trying to warn aigeus not to drink because he would want to sleep with someone other than his wife and athenian lineage would be important
aigeus tells aethra to keep their child with her in troizen
- he placed tokens of recognition under a rock
- when the child is strong enough to pick up the rock and travel to athens, aigeus will be able to recognize the child

Question 44

Q

Theseus early story

Answer

A

aegeus goes to the oracle and asks for children

the oracle says don’t get drunk because you will sleep with ur daughter
he must keep child in troizen because to have athenian lineage u need to be born in athens
puts sandals and sword under rocks and if the child is strong enough he will put on the tokens and come find the king of athens who will recognize him

Question 45

Q

Athenian writers make theseus a great character because?

Answer

A

= they need the athenians to have a hero they can root for
- - theseus’ labours were added by athenian authors in the 5th-6th centuries for a specific reason → to make him a hero the athenians would be proud of

Question 46

Q

Labors of thesues that follow pattern of killing various bandits and monsters

Answer

A

1) Periphetes, the clubber, at Epidauros
- kills son of hepheastus with club
2) Sinis (or Pityocamptes, “the Pinebender”), in Isthmos of Corinth
- sinus tied and catapulted people on trees so theseus does the same thing to sinu
3) the Crommyonian Sow, a village between the Isthmos of Corinth and Megarid
- old lady and sow are killed by theseus
4) Sciron (and turtle), in the Megarid
- sciron asks people to wash his feet and kicks them off cliff to get eaten by man eating turle
5) Cercyon, the wrestler,
at Eleusis
- defeats him by wrestling
6) Damastes (“the stretcher”) between Eleusis & Athens
- damastes hammers people to fit on a bed of cuts off their limbs if they don’t

Question 47

Q

theseus in athens

Answer

A

after taking up tokens of recognition goes to athens
his dad aegeus is married to medea and their son is medus
medea was a powerful female heroine/witch in exile for having committed acts against her ex jason
she knows theseus is the son of aigeus and that if he returns her son medus won’t get the crown
aigeus puts him in the bull marathon for a labour
the bull must be killed to complete the labour
when medea tries to poison theseus she must flee and take her son with her when Aigeus recognized his son

Question 48

Q

Theseus’s voyage to crete

Answer

A

he is on a ship with minos
theseus must prove he is a son of poseidon
says he will throw ring into the ocean and he should jump in to get it to prove it
in the oceon he’s taken down to palace of amphitrite and welcomed as the son of poseidon, giving him a robe and wreath as a gift to show his importance
when he reyurns he has proved his divine lineage and solidified protector status

Question 49

Q

Theseus On crete

Answer

A

he meets ariadne who is blinded by her love for him
she forsakes her kingdom and gives theseus a ball of yarn to unravel until he finds the minotaur in the maze
he clubs minotaur to death and takes the children that were tributes to freedom
ariadne is now responsible for killing the son of her mother
follows similar character arcs of woman falling in love with their consorts and hero’s sacrificing romantic relationships for quests

Question 50

Q

Myth of daidalos and icaros?

Answer

A

attaches wings of string and wax to him and his son
don’t fly to close the sun of you’re wings will melt and die
follows the idea of “nothing in excess”
Daedalus is then forced to be monitored under security after icarus is too adventurous and dies
## etiology for icarian sea

Question 51

Q

Minos’s hunt for daidalos

Answer

A

He goes to court of cocalos in sicily

asks the kingdom if they can get a string through a shell as a challenge
roots out Daedalus with this trick cuz he’s so smart
daedalus ties a string to an ant to get it through the shell
daedalus gets rescued by children of cocalos after he is discovered
minos is boiled alive in water to become a judge of the underworld

Question 52

Q

story of ariadne left of naxos

Answer

A

theseus leaves ariadne on naxos

in an alternative version she writes to Theseus about her longing and how she cannot understand why they were left behind
their oath of marriage was not taken by ceremony
when she is deserted on island she knows she has nothing left
theseus maybe left her because she is a sexual challenge
Dionysos sees the symbolic wreath and decides to marry Ariadne
so he throws wreath it in the sky and it becomes the corona constellation

Question 53

Q

Theseus in nostos did what?

Answer

A

Aegeus tells theseus to take down his black sails and put up white ones to signify he is alive and killed the minotaur

however theseus forgets and leaves up the black flags
in some tales, this is because Ariadne cursed him
aegeus sees the black sails and jumps off cliff
etiology of aegean sea comes from this

Question 54

Q

how does theseus become king?

Answer

A

his dad has a brother with 50 sons

- to take rulership of athens theseus must defeat all 50 sons and the brother

Question 55

Q

theseus’s romances

Answer

A

1 - ariadne
2 - kidnapped antiope and takes her back to athens in a quest when amazons chase him down and take her back
3 - meets and married phaedra - results in antiope getting jealous and she goes to the wedding party with huge army of amazons vs the Athenians. so antiope dies in battle
- in order to defeat sexual challenges the heroes must defeat to fully become heroes

Question 56

Q

what did Theseus do as king?

Answer

A

united attica, with athens as its capital
created popular assembly
founded the isthmian game and instituted panathenaic festival
abducted antiope queen of the amazons
the result: 1) hippolytos
2) invasion (amazonomachy) on the areopagos

Question 57

Q

heracles youthful exploits

Answer

A

he is taking refuge at king thespios’ house who has 50 daughters at a marriable age
thespios wants heracles to father all children
so he sleeps with all 50 but thinks its the sam egirl
he kills lion ravaging the countryside
apollodorus – this is where heracles gets his iconic lion skin
shows he is a protector

Question 58

Q

minyans vs the thebans

Answer

A

creon is the king of thebes
- heracles fights the minyans with his father
- amphitryon dies in this conflict
- heracles moves up as man of household and defeats the minyans
- thebans don’t have to pay taxes to the minyans anymore
- creon rewards heracles with the daughter megara
-

Question 59

Q

what does hera putting heracles into madness do?

Answer

A

he kills all the children he has by megara

- he also kills megara later according to euripides

Question 60

Q

what does depli tell heracles to do?

Answer

A

serve eurystheus the king of tiryns
one task per year - enslaved in servitutde as punishment for killing the children
pythia then gives him the name heracle - before this he was alceides

Question 61

Q

why is there no hero cult for heracles?

Answer

A

hes not associated with one religion or region

Question 62

Q

what do we remember heracles for?

Answer

A

we remember him as a hero for the civilizing effects he had on humankind, killing criminals and monsters, being a benefactor of humankind (marking off territory on a map of the different places where greeks were beginning to sail), establishing the olympic games

Question 63

Q

who was the character of perseus ?

Answer

A

associated with the argolid territory (argos, mycenae, tiryntha)
character that lived long before the greeks wrote anything down
perhaps he was a great king or benefactor → we don’t really know, we just know that his story exists and was important to the greeks
he is a local hero
according to tradition, he is known as the person who founds mycenae

Question 64

Q

what is perseus’s birth story?

Answer

A

acrisios, king of argos, father of danaë
- danae is perseus’ mother
- story pattern: succession tale
- unusual birth account
priotos (brother of acrisios), king of tiryns
acrisios heard that his male heir is going to kill him → the child of danae
- fear of progeny → succession tale like zeus
some say that proitos had seduced danae, the more relevant tale is of zeus coming to her as a golden shower and impregnates her
nurse was trying to help hide the screams of the baby
acrisios hears the baby and pushes the baby and danae out to sea assuming they will die
danae goes to great lengths to protect her baby → she remains calm on the sea and sings a lullaby to keep him safe

Answer 63

A

- hero faces opposition from the beginning
island of seriphos
- dictys (net), kind brother → captured the chest carrying danae and the baby while fishing and helps to raise perseus
- polydectes, evil brother → king of seriphos
- opposites in people/brothers (e.g. prometheus and epimetheus) → folktake pattern

Answer 64

A

- the pattern that we see of danae is typical of a girl/princess that in her own way is reaching some type of heroic status
prohibition → danae was forbidden to marry and have children because of the fear of progeny
seclusion → she was hidden away in a bronze chamer
violation of prohibition → zeus still gets to her and she gets pregnant
threat of punishment → her father puts her adrift at sea
liberation → dictys rescues her from the chest

Answer 65

A

his enemies instigate his achievements/faces obscene labour that must be completed
polydectes → his taskmaster
helped by at least one ally, divine or mortal → hermes, graiai, nymphs, athena
- since hermes has more of an association to the peloponnese, it is thought that early traditions of his story had hermes as perseus’ sole helper
- when the stories got into the hands of athenians, athena became part of the story
  - this is when she began being depicted with the gorgon head on her shield
polydectes in a ruse says he wants to marry someone other than danae, this is a farce
perseus refuses the marriage between polydectes and danae → protecting his mom
polydectes had only asked each person attending the wedding banquet to bring one horse each
- perseus boasted that he could bring the head of medusa → this is his labour as part of his hero quest

Answer 66

A

*the graiai (the grey ones)**
the daughters of phorcos
share one eye/one tooth
even at birth they looked like old ladies
their big glory is aiding perseus → hermes and athena tell perseus to go to the graiai because they will know where the nymphs are to give him tools
he has to steal their eye and tooth and they will give the information

the nymphs

cap of invisibility (helm of hades)
winged sandals
pouch (kibisis)

hermes

sickle and shield

Answer 67

A

stheno, euryale, medusa
on his winged sandals, perseus will fly to the edge of the known world and find the gorgons wearing the cap of invisibility
considered a conquest of death because of its location → past ocean
he sees that the gorgons are asleep and cuts medusa’s head off
chrysaor and pegasos sprout from medusa’s head when she dies
perseus looked through the reflection of the shield to kill medusa

Answer 68

A

physical conflict with a monster, rewarded with marriage
andromeda, daughter of cepheus and cassiepeia → royal family of ethiopia
cassiepeia boasts that she is more beautiful than the sea nymphs
- poseidon sends a sea monster
- oracle tells cepheus that he must chain andromeda to a rock so the sea monster can eat her as sacrifice
- perseus rescues andromeda and gets her hand in marriage

Answer 69

A

phineus (brother of cepheus) and phoinix (brother of europa)
cepheus had promised that phineus wanted to marry andromeda but he wanted phoinix to marry her instead
he decided to put her on an island with a mock account of a kidnapping
- phoinix would come on a boat named the cetos (sea monster)
when the cetos was coming to kidnap andromeda, perseus hears her cries and kills phoinix and takes andromeda with him

Answer 70

A

at ethiopia → perseus kills phineus
marries andromeda and has a child named perses
perses rules cepheus’ territory and is the founder of the persian race

Answer 71

A

sheds kindred blood → he does not think that he can take the original site of argos that was part of his inheritance for having killed his own grandfather
- makes a deal with the son of his uncle
- found mycenae (hero-cult)
offspring of perseus and andromeda become future kings of mycenae
hero’s reward → wife, kingdom, lineage

Answer 72

A

corinthian hero
grandson of sisyphus, son of glaucos
the one who rode pegasos
bellerophon accidentally kills his brother → drives him to tiryns
- proitos and stheneboia, royal family of tiryns
- hopes to find hospitality and have his blood guilt extinguished
- proitos’ wife stheneboia falls in love with bellerophon → asks to sleep with him but he says no
- stheneboia is scorned and searches for revenge → she tells proitos that bellerophon raped her, proitos sends a letter to iobates (stheneboia’s father, king of lycia) to kill bellerophon
divine aid → athena
- gives him a magical bridle to ride pegasos

Answer 73

A

chimaira → monster child of typhon and echidna
- bellerophon destroys the chimaira
solymoi → wipes them out
amazons → wipes them out (just like heracles and theseus)
ambush → bellerophon is ambushed by lycians and he defeats them all
iobates sees how amazing bellerophon is and asks him to stay in lycia and marry his daughter
reward → marriage and political security
perhaps theseus would’ve been left more obscure like perseus and bellerophon if it were not for the athenians who used him as a propaganda campaign to cement power

Answer 74

A

tantalus → child of zeus, great sinner residing in the underworld
- from arcadia in the Peloponnese
- served his son pelops to the gods as a meal when he was supposed to be showing hospitality
  - cannibalism quite frequent in arcadia (remember lycaon)
  - scholars have thought that cannibalism was part of ritual sacrifice very early on
- daughter → niobe
- zeus gets clotho to breathe life into pelops
- hyginus says tantalus is a sinner because he willingly gave information that the gods had given him in confidance
- he is a symbol of temptation (like demeter) → never with satisfaction

Answer 75

A

tantalus → punished for his hubris
pelops and the infamous chariot race
- hippodamia, oenomaus, myrtilus
- depicted on west pediment of temple at olympia
atreus and thyestes

Answer 76

A

decides to take a trip to elis
hippodamia → daughter of king oenomaus
oenomaus heard a prophecy that his son-in-law would kill him and take his throne
- doesn’t want anyone to actually marry his wife so he holds a chariot race against his invincible horses for potential suitors
- oenomaus is evil → took the skulls of dead suitors and use them to decorate gates
- monstrous man that heroes must protect others from
pelops knows he cannot defeat him in the chariot race alone → enlists the service of myrtilus (mortal aid), the king’s charioteer
- promises myrtilus half his kingdom if he helps
- when he is putting the chariot together, he takes a pin out of the wheel and the crash kills oenomaus
origin of curse upon house of atreus with death of myrtilus

Answer 77

A

pelops marries hippodamia and kills myrtilus, showing the angry and unholy side that seems to be in the dna of the house of atreus

Answer 78

A

very important to the site of olympia → hero cult to pelops before the temple of zeus at olympia was built (where elis was)
- hero shrine for him there
pelops’ name gives us the name of the Peloponnese
if a hero kills someone while conquering a labour, the greeks are okay with this

Answer 79

A

second generation of cannibalism in this household
strange and monstrous geneology in this family
curse of myrtilus affects atreus and thyestes directly
struggle for kingship ensues between brothers

Answer 80

A

oracle 1 → whoever holds the golden fleece shall rule
- the god pan gives this golden fleece to atreus, atreus is said to be the rules
- thyestes will seduce atreus’ wife and through this find out where the fleece is hidden and steal it
- atreus exiles thyestes
- atreus then brings him back and feeds him thyestes’ baby boys
- thyestes rapes his daughter
oracle 2 → bring back thyestes to stop crop famine
- crops of mycenae are failing due to the cannibalism
- the oracle says atreus must bring thyestes back
- atreus saw his niece and didn’t know it was his niece → he took her as his wife but she’s pregnant with thyestes’ son
- she realizes her father raped her and kills herself
- aegisthus recognizes that thyestes is his father and kills atreus
- agamemmnon and menelaus will flee and return with a large army
- agamemmnon takes mycenae and menelaus marries helen

Answer 81

A

tyndareus’ wife → leda (seduced by zeus — swan)
- two eggs, four children
- polydeuces and helen → zeus
- castor and clytemnestra → tyndareus
castor and polydeuces
- brothers in arms
- protectors of sailors and seafaring
  - take part in the argonautica
- saint elmo’s fire → thought to be the dioscuri as a good omen
- close to sisters
helen → the most beautiful woman in the word
- the face that launched a thousand ships
- wife of menelaus, future king of sparta
- helen chose menelaus
clytemnestra → wife of agamemnon
- verbally abused by agamemnon because she is not helen
- mother of iphigenia, orestes, electra
- definitely has her own personality separate from her ‘enchanting’ sister

Answer 82

A

stories are universal, speak to audiences across time and space
externalizes our fears and wishes
forces us to feel strong emotions, purges us of them = catharsis

Answer 83

A

a nostos (return) story
clytemnestra has been plotting revenge the entire time agamemnon has been gone (10 years)
- deepseated sadness for the loss of her daughter to sacrifice
- hears rumors about the concubines taken by agamemnon (e.g. cassandra)
- she finds a confidante → aegisthus
affair with aegisthus (son of thyestes and pelopia)
- aegisthus is angry at agamemnon and menelaus so he’s willing to be her confidante
agamemnon’s infant son, orestes, exiled after agamemnon’s departure for troy
- to keep him away from her plot to finally kill agamemnon
the curse that pelops put on the house of atreus continues

Answer 84

A

clytemnestra → wife of agamemnon, daughter of tyndareus, sister of helen
aegisthus → clytemnestra’s lover, son of thyestes
agamemnon → king of argos (mycenae), commander of greek army at troy
cassandra → agamemnon’s war booty, cursed prophet, daughter of priam
chorus of argive elders

Answer 85

A

impossible choice → will he kill his daughter or not?
- is clytemnestra going to be dutiful to her husband and allow him to kill their daughter to fulfill his role as king or is she going to seek vengeance for the slaughter of her daughter?
- husband and wife put against each other
justice → what is it and who enforces it?
- we see clytemnestra invoke zeus after the death of agamemnon but we also see the idea of justice in the character of agamemnon himself
family vs. civic duty
- family → clytemnestra sees her family unit destroyed and seeks vengeance
- civic → agamemnon
male vs. female (stereotypical gender roles flipped)
- clytemnestra must be dutiful to her husband, so she pretends to be
- aegisthus gets called a woman by the chorus because he sat back and let the woman be the lioness and kill the king
- clytemnestra acts outside of her gender role

Answer 86

A

ompeting obligations between state or family
- the fleet expedition to troy or the saving of his daughter?
- agamemnon sees the sacrifice as something that has to happen → it is his obligation to the greek army to go and save helen
- he chooses civic duty over his family
- once he sacrifices his daughter, artemis will be appeased and let the ships sail
- he says he had to keep this oath in order to aid his brother menelaus in the kidnapping of helen
the sacrifice fell upon him but it was all for the good of the greek people — it was his civil duty

Answer 87

A

romantically and passionately explains how the pyres were lit to show her when the war is over and agamemnon is returning
she tells them troy has been taken, they think she’s just a silly woman but she’s right
she gives a performance in order to trick her husband to come to her with his defenses down
- carpet scene → clytemnestra unravels a red carpet before him
  - foreshadowing of doom
  - carpet is the colour of blood

Answer 88

A

clytemnestra beckons cassandra to come inside in order to be cleansed
cassandra knows what’s going to happen but she’s not believed because of apollo’s curse
she sees the past → blood in the house and butchered children
sees the future → she and agamemnon will die, return of orestes

Answer 89

A

lowkey yes
she puts them into a robe and into a bathtub and murders them with an axe
she believes she is forthright and regrets nothing
justified by zeus?
her motives → iphigenia and cassandra
aegisthus’ late arrival → he sat back and let a woman do the man’s job
who’s next? → cycle of violence, vengeance

Answer 90

A

the archetypal ‘mother goddess’ fulfills her role
- she is rejuvenated by the drops of blood upon the land, much like gaia
- trickster character
clytemnestra vs. the chorus of argive elders
- they first call her a silly woman then say she acts like a man
clytemnestra vs. agamemnon
- he says a woman should not be so combative
aegisthus vs. chorus
- they say he sat back and let a woman do the man’s job

Answer 91

A

forces us to feel strong emotions, purges us of them

Answer 92

A

europa, sister of cadmos, daughter of agenor
- kidnapped by zeus to crete
- conon says that cadmos just uses the kidnapping of europa as an excuse to go off to greece because he wanted to found a phoenician city
epic cycle → oedipodeia (the story of oedipus cycle), thebais (the seven against thebes)

Answer 93

A

europa’s kidnapping caused some animosity between the east and the west
heroditus → stories like this of kidnapping were mythological excuses for why there were wars between the east and west
for whatever reason this mythology was first produced, it tells us about movement among the greek and nongreek peoples in ancient societies
cadmos, mythical founder of thebes

Answer 94

A

son of agenor, king of tyre, and brother of europa
- tyre → eastern empire of phoenicia
cadmos brings with him to the greek people the invention of writing → makes him a civilizing hero
- also comes as a protector
cadmos goes through delphi and pythia tells him to forget his sister and to follow a cow instead
- when the cow settles down that’s the site of the city of thebes
- he sacrifices the cow to athena
- goes to a spring of ares where a serpent son of ares is living and terrorizing the locals
- cadmos kills this serpent → athena tells him to sow the teeth of the serpent in the land
- earthborn men named the spartoi come out
the spartoi fight and destroy each other until only 5 remain
- they are the founders of the 5 noble founders of thebes
citadel of thebes → cadmeia
reward → cadmos marries harmonia (daughter of ares + aphrodite)
- when cadmos kills ares’ son, he must serve ares for one eternal year
- cadmos now has a wife and political security
aphrodite may have gifted a necklace and robe to harmonia with a curse because she is unhappy with the union
- curse → generations after the couple will have miserable fates (ino, semele, autonoe, agave)
cadmos dies a hero’s death

Answer 95

A

cadmos succeeded by his grandson, pentheus
- pentheus succeeded by polydorus, then by labdacos
the infant laios becomes ruler, through exiled and returns
- ## lycos, amphion, zethus

Answer 96

A

nycteus → father of antiope and nycteis
nycteis → marries polydorus
antiope sleeps with zeus and is pregnant → nycteus is angry and kills himself when antiope runs away
before killing himself, nycteus tells his brother (lycos) to find antiope and take her away
dirce (wife of lycos) hates antiope, they find and capture antiope and torture her everyday
antiope gives birth to twins (amphion and zethos) and hides them in boeotia (where thebes is)
she escapes the prison and makes it to the house of her sons → they recognize her
they kill lycos and dirce
amphion and zethos rule thebes for awhile
- zethos marries thebe (etimology for thebes)
- amphion marries niobe (the one who insults leto)

Answer 97

A

laios → exiled when lycos comes into rule
- laios goes to the court of pelops in elis
- laios transgresses xenia at the court
- while he is receiving hospitality from pelops, he is giving chariot lessons to pelops’ son chrysippos
- he is in lust for chrysippos and kidnaps and rapes him
- chrysippos kills himself, pelops and the gods are not happy
- he goes into exile again, while in exile, he hears amphion is dead and is reinstated onto the throne of thebes
- is this the cause of the curse?
did the course begin when aphrodite gifted the necklace and robe to harmonia?
the ancients thought that each generation of these households had something wicked within them that was carried on to the next generation
laios returns and marries jocasta at thebes
- oracle 1 → tells him he must kill his son or not have a son
  - succession tale again
  - he gets drunk one night and they sleep together
  - they expose the child on mt. cithaeron

Answer 98

A

oedipus exposed → they had tied his feet and sutured them together in a way that he could not walk alive or as a ghost
- etimology → his name means swollen foot
saved by shepherd
oedipus is raised by polybos and periboia (king and queen of corinth)
they never told him he wasn’t there own child but he finds out and seeks the delphic oracle
- oracle tells him not to return home because he will kill his father and marry his mother
- he thinks corinth is his home so he leave corinth and goes to thebes
he meets laius on the way to thebes → laius runs over his foot and oedipus kills him and his men

Answer 99

A

plague 1 → sphinx

tells oedipus a riddle, oedipus answers correctly and the sphinx dies
oedipus receives kingship and jocasta (his mom)
- daughters → antigone, ismene
- sons → eteocles, polynices
*plague 2 → famine**
oracle 3 → states famine won’t be lifted ‘til the killer of laios, the pollution on the state, is found
advisors → creon and tiresias

Answer 100

A

plague and miasma (pollution) → play begins with a plague upon the city of thebes and the pollution is found to be oedipus itself
rage → rage, stubborness, arrogance that oedipus shows
fate vs. free will → how much do we have control over our own actions
leadership → oedipus wants to be a great king, but through this desire to succeed, we waiver back and forth between if this is truly jsut rule or arrogant kingship

Answer 101

A

oedipus → king of thebes, tragic hero
jocasta → wife/mother of oedipus
creon → brother of jocasta, takes over rulership after oedipus exiles himself
tiresias → theban prophet
messenger/shepherd → both men aid in oedipus’ recognition
chorus of theban elders

Answer 102

A

opening scene at sanctuary of apollo
characterization of oedipus as a leader
priest calls oedipus a protector, savior
thebans turn to the temples looking for a divine solution to the plague → when this does not work, oedipus will be the sole savior of the city
the end of the plague does not come until oedipus exiles himself
by sending creon to consult the oracle at delphi, oedipus sees himself as a good king → he wants to find the answers to the famine
- no crops are growing, women give birth to stillborns, all life is being decimated in thebes
- oedipus says all responsibility is being placed on his shoulders

Answer 103

A

Oedipus’s quest ‘ for knowledge of his birth parents
The final truth is revealed when kids’ ankles are pinned together
Through threat of torture does the shepherd reveal the truth
Oedipus finally knows
tied to his name (swollen foot)

Answer 104

A

Oedipus and the Hero Pattern 
Parents are royalty 
Unusual conception/upbringing 
Attempt on his life 
Reared by foster parents 
Too inquisitive 
Victory over sphinx 
Marries mom, reigns as king 
Driven from city 
Dies mysteriously

Answer 105

A

Conclusion in catastrophe
Jocasta id dead
Oedipus is blind
He blames daimon or “fate”
Says he must take full responsibility for his punishment
Blinding —- suffering for rest of life
Could he truly see? Blinding has metaphor vibes
Instead of hanging himself - he blinds himself

Answer 106

A

1) Homeri Opera: a theogony (“birth of the gods”)
2) Titanomachia: battle b/t Olympians and Titans
3) Oidipodeia: concerns the Oedipus cycle, incl. kidnapping of Haemon
by Sphinx, solving riddle of the Sphinx by Oedipus and the marriage to
his mother
4) Thebais: on the expedition against Thebes (Seven Against Thebes)
5) Epigonoi: sons of the Seven Against Thebes; more successful than
fathers; drove Cadmeans out of Thebes
- This poem chronologically occurs in same generation as
Trojan War, but just before.
6) Cypria: preliminaries of Trojan War, incl. Wedding of Peleus &
Thetis, Judgment of Paris, Abduction of Helen
7) Iliad: alternative versions, but we have received the canon passed
down, most likely, from Hellenistic period*
8) Aethiopis: Amazons & Ethiopians; mainly deaths: Penthesilea,
Thersites, Memnon, Achilles
9) Little Iliad: suicide of Ajax, fetching of Philoctetes & Neoptolemus,
Wooden Horse, Sinon and entry into Troy
10) Iliu Persis: Trojan debate over the horse, Laocoön, sack of Troy,
departure of Greeks, Aeneas leaves before the sacking
11) Nostoi: returns of heroes, murder of
Agamemnon, Orestes’ revenge, Menelaus’
homecoming
12) Odyssey: since so many nostoi referred to
in this epic, we think that it was not meant
to accompany the Nostoi of Achaeans above,
but follows
13) Telegonia: lost poem about Telegonus,
the son of Odysseus & Circe

Answer 107

A

Laomedon: first king of Troy
Does not sacrifice years worth of livestock - so sea monster is sent to city
Chooses hesione daughter to be sacrificed
Heracles rescues her
Get her for the rescue and horses that walk on water
Laomedon does not follow up with promise as well
So hercules sacks troy
= She can have any slave she wants - so she wants to save her son priam - who she buys
Priam becomes second ruler

Answer 108

A

Tyndareus wife: Leda
Was seduced by Zeus
Two eggs, four children
Polydeuces and Helen, are children of zeus
- Castor and clytemnestra, are children of tyndareus

Answer 109

A

The most beautiful woman in the world 
“Face that launched a thousand ships” 
Wife of menelaus, future king of sparta 
As beautiful as aphrodite
- daughter of zeus and leda

Answer 110

A

All suitors shall defend Tyndareus’s choice
Is anyone kidnaps helen the suitors must unite to see her returned
Is said to prefer menaleaus
Menaleus gets helen
Warriors are concerned about what people will think of them if they do not fullfill their oath

Answer 111

A

Paris (or alexander of Mt.Ida)
Son of priam and Hecuba
King and queen of troy
Hecuba’s dream
Before alexander was born
Fire would consume all of troy
Soothsayer says her newborns birth would cause the destruction of troy
So hecuba says to get him killed - however he is left to the exposure and taken care of by shepherds

Answer 112

A

Was a lavish event mosty famous nereids in mythology
Thetis marries peleus and is mother to achilles
Galene and panope describe wedding destruction as eris
Eris is not allowed to come - means discord
Shes hanging in doorway to throw golden apple in middle of table titled to the most beautiful
Thrown between the goddesses which causes massive conflict
Zeus must say who is the most beautiful…but says go ask paris to judge who is the most beautiful
Hera athena and aphrodite are competing
Three of them fly to mount ida - where paris must decide who is most beautiful

Answer 113

A

athena - victory in war
hera - you can be the king of everyone
aphrodite - i will offer you the most beutiful women on the planet - helen (she gets chosen)

Answer 114

A

abducts her while menelaus is away and breaks oath of hospitality
so meneleaus and agamemnon invoke the oath of tyndareus

Answer 115

A

odysseus and achilles
odysseus pretends like he is too crazy to go on the expedition
to show this yolks a horse and bull together but palamedes sees through his plan and puts a baby in front of the bull to see if he’ll run it over - he picks baby up instead
discovering trickery he tries to kill palamedes at troy (later killed by agamemnon who thinks he has been bribed with gold)
these two men are not originally on the frontlines

Answer 116

A

Prince of the myrmidons
(Elite fighting force)
Hes from phthia where peleus rules
Hears prophecy of doom from prometheus - don’t have a child with thetis because the child will be better then u zeus

Answer 117

A

thetis is married off to peleus who has a good reputation (he was in calydoninan boar hunt, and the argonaut expedition)
thetis still does not consider him worthy
Famous achilles heel - when she tries to put him in river of styx while holding him by his heel so thats missed
Goes to chiron to become a dope young man
Thetis knows hes gotta die young and glorious
thetis hides him among daughters of King lycomedes
where he is dressed like a female
Similarly to god dionysus who is depicted as feminine

-

Answer 118

A

propose to drop off a thing full of female gifts vs battle gear
when achilles picks up battle gear/takes an interest he is exposed

Answer 119

A

patroclus - friend and partner of achilles

pheonix - tutor of achilles at pthia and troy who is a wise elder

Answer 120

A

Fleet at aulis (1200 ships present)
The seer, calchas (second revelation)
Sacrifice of iphigenia
Clymnestra is angry at agamemnon
They can set sail once draft dodgers arrive

Answer 121

A

He is bitten by a snake cuz hera sent it
He receives bow and arrows from heracles as a prize for lighting pyre of heracles
He is dropped off and left in agony
He later will fullfill his fate - kill paris as last of the trojan champions

Answer 122

A

homer’s the illiad

Answer 123

A

homer
parry and lord
dactylic hexameter
fixed epithets
repeated speeches
formulaic phrases
compleixity
organization, thematic depth

Answer 124

A

Rage of Achilles
• War & Peace
• Death (including treatment of)
• Kleos (“glory”)
• Honor
- arete (“excellence”), possessions, rivalry & revenge, guilt & pity
• Family
• Gods and humans
- quarrels, respect, & sacrifice
- relationships on & off the
battlefield
- humans as puppets
- gods playing favorites
• Xenia (“hospitality”)
• Roles of females (divine &
mortal)
• Storytelling & song

Answer 125

A

Greeks (or Achaeans, or Danaans):
- Achilles: best of the Achaeans,
Prince of the Myrmidons
- Agamemnon: king of
Achaeans, bro of Menelaus
- Patroclus, Diomedes, Phoenix,
Odysseus, Ajax the GreaterGreeks 
-

Answer 126

A

9th year of siege of troy

- subject is the wrath of achilles

Answer 127

A

achielles vs agamemnon
war prizes need to be exchanged to stop plague, chryseis, briseis
cultural causes: shame vs guilt
glory, avoid shame
arete “excellence” - shows how one appears to another gained only by great deeds but also spoils and gifts

Answer 128

A

duel between menelaus and paris
paris is a good looking guy with leopard skin
menelaus is favoured by ares and has warrior appearance
hector shames his brother paris
whoever wins the duel gets to take helen home
messenger goddess iris comes to helen in form of daughter of priam and tells helen abt the duel
aphrodite intervenes in the duel before paris can be killed and returns him to helen

Answer 129

A

she blames herself for what is happening
mental capacity diminishes over the war
creon is her friend who consoles her
she feels used and manipulated by aphrodite
feels ashamed and has no agency because she must do what aphrodite expects of her
does not like paris, feels belittled and objectified by him

Answer 130

A

Hector is back inside troy
he’s looking for paris to get him to fight again
hector must fight bc paris neglects his duty
he and hector can relate to each other bc theyve both experience tragedy
he must protect the city and avoid shame

Answer 131

A

having family values with the domestic scene between him and his family
duty and honour

Answer 132

A

-Agamemnon sends gifts (including briseis) to achilles with odysseus, phoenix, and ajax the greater
- odysseus gives speech for trying to bribe achilles back into the war with promise of helen
- Says one must have good competition to better oneself
They have unhealthy competition altho so they can’t cooperate
- he tells odysseus to stop wining and knows hes being manipulated
- Achilles dosen’t come out of his mourning - takes it as an insult tht agamemnon sent gifts but didn’t come himself, instead sent his friends
-Achilles wants groveling but agamemnon can not give him that
-Feels sense of entitlement and arrogance as king of the greeks
- his personal grief is greater then his own duty
- pheonix his tutor also councels him to join the battle
- patroclus goes out in his armour and dies in achilles stead

Answer 133

A

Cooperation vs competition
Is this good leadership?
Achilles is a lead general yet he’s staying back
Agamemnon also will not release his grudge
Neither one of them can reflect on what should be done
Achilles knows of his two fates but hasn’t chosen his fate yet
heroic code

Answer 134

A

He questions achilles morals while he cries
He says its better to fight instead of letting all these people die
Achilles will relent to his friend and says he can lead them but stay away from hector
In his armour he leads them against troy and kills sarpedon
so achilles returns to battle for his friend and his mom thetis finally accepts his fate
appollo hits patroclus in the head to faze him and hector kills him

Answer 135

A

zeus fortells of hectors doom but

- achilles gets a shield from thetis

Answer 136

A

a literaly description of a work of art - enlivens the inanimate object through description
- meant to be a rhetorical device

Answer 137

A

Hector and achilles meet before the city walls for a duel
Athena tricks hector
Realizes he is forsaken by the gods
His body is dragged behind the chariot of achilles
Extreme desecration
Priam tries to get body of his son back
Apollo rejuvenates body of hector so he could be buried properly
Takes pity on priam and achilles decides to return hectors body
Priam is supposed to be pathetic
12 days for peaceful rest of hector before the city is sacked

Answer 138

A

is there a heroic transformation?

Answer 139

A

Cunning, deceptive, storyteller/trickster character

- inherited armour from achilles

Answer 140

A

10 years; siege of troy
-10 years;wandering/captured
## poseidon bullies him athena helps him

Answer 141

A

107 suitors are fighting for his wife
## telemachus is his child growing up without his father

Answer 142

A

book 5 - where he is on an island being held by calypso

Answer 143

A

He arrived without any of his comrades
They all died on the way there
Calypso is a sexual challenge
Women offer him comfort from his suffering
Odysseus is distrustful of people now
Dosne’t believe she will give him safe passage
Calypso offers him safe passage from the island by leaving on a raft

-

Answer 144

A

-She is a beautiful woman
-Weaving and sewing
Kind to odysseus
-Hermes says odysseus must be let go
-Offers hermes xenia - hospitality - which odysseus searches for - friendship and care from his host
-Complains why do i have to give up my man? But males never have to give up their consorts
-She is depicted as ultimate female temptation stopping him from going back to his family

Answer 145

A

Queen arete and king alcinuus
Nausicaa is their child
A young maiden who wants to be a wife
But is to young but not old enough to show companionship and leadership through odysseus
-Her father lets her go down to the sea to wash her clothes
He hears women when he is awoken
Constantly battling hospitality or savages
Keeps distance from the virginal maiden like a good man should
Odysseus charms nausea
He asks for clothes and passage - so she offers hospitality
Other girls run away in fear
Athena beauties him and says to go up to the queen
Arete must measure his worth and excellence
If she smiles at him he’ll be granted passage
Her name literally means excellence

Answer 146

A

Book 8 -

He’s inside the phaenicians palace
Demodocus, phaecian bard
Sings about his brilliance by bringing in a wooden horse
Odysseus starts crying bc he misses his friends - ptsd
He’s suffering in happy moments
Judge his worth to be excellent and help him cross the sea
Wooden horse was big moment
The phaeacians live here
Place: island of scheria
Alcinous asks who odysseus is
Needs to know if he’s from ithaca so he can send him to ithaca

Answer 147

A

Recounts sacking of towns after they take over troy

When odysseus says stop they push back on him
Sign of mutiny
Maron’s wine is super strong
They leave cionia
They encounter lotus eaters
Perhaps suffering from sadness and guilt after troy
Eat lotus’s and forget their sadness
He collects his men to move to book 9

Answer 148

A

Polyphemus - cyclops with one eye in the center of his forehead
- Odysseus must go up against him
- Kills his men
- He eats human flesh
Inhospitable population
- Uses craft and wit to escape him
- Super strong wine - maron’s wine
- Outis “norman”
- Says he will eat odysseus last
- Calls himself “noman” or outis
- So when polyphemus gets his eye punched out and calls for help
- The cyclopes are like bruh noman is harming you? So they don’t come and help - miscommunication - no shared identity, familial bonds, nobody cares to help him
- Bonds of friendship can come through hospitality
- Important and cyclopes lack it
- The escape
- Polyphemus is blinded and drunk
- Uses the sheep to tie his men under while polyphemus is asleep
- When polythemus removes giant boulder - odysseus and his men escape
- Dosen’t know they are there
- Odysseus and his men escape
- Near the ship he scolds polyphemus for his inability to show hospitality
- Gone against the will of the gods
- Men are going to suffer when he calls back to polyphemus
- Pride, arrogance, honor pushes him to do this
- Polyphemus dad is poseidon
- CURSES odysseus - says he will lose all his men

Answer 149

A

Aeolus, keeper of winds, lived on a floating island (aeolia)
Bag of winds, show proper xenia, discord in the ranks
Aeolus - keeper of the wind which is in a bag
Discord in the ranks
Good population that odysseus comes across - gives gift in return for stay at the palace
Soldiers distrust their leader odysseus
Aeolus says you must be hated by the gods - go away
Odysseus leaves w the angry men - not knowing they are going towards the laestrogonians - if he wasnt so secretive…
Whos gonna eat us…who wont?
No signs of plowed field - zero agriculture
Greeks did this to understadn themselves and how they lived their lives
These monsters are exagerations of inhospitable people at the ports
Other heralds make it back to the ship to flee
Odysseus is able to survive - gets around harbour behind a rock
Laestrogonians came down in thousands - giants threw rocks at
Odysseus gets away -silly goofy boy

Answer 150

A

Circe is a sexual challenge he must overcome
She is witch and daughter of helios
Must make it back to ithaca to penelope
Hermes gives odysseus a magical herb
Gets divine aid Xenia
Circe sends him to the underworld (tiresias and Elpenor)
What is penelope doing back home in ithaca
Circe lives alone but still knows her role within society - knitting?
Circe also sings - slay
Leader of scouting party is weary
Some are happy to receive the hospitality she offers them
They all turn into pigs after receiving her food
Need to charge zenia
Is what hermes tells odysseus to do
She will be scared, invite him into bed, theyll fuck and the protection for him and his men will be assured
Circe tells him how to survive next to monsters and not eat cattle of the sun
Makes his way home back to ithaca - man pig chases him?
Sword and sheath
Soldiers beseaching odysseus for aid
Pig can’t talk but hey
He leaves circe

Answer 151

A

One of two routes
Wandering rocks (planctae)
Scylla
Charybdis
Want to avoid the wandering rocks
Must choose between two cliffs
Giant whirlpool that sucks down water and shoots it in the air
All get sucked down to die
Scylla has 6 heads of dogs around her waist
Scoop up one of the men - 6 must die when they go by
The rest past through
What is charybdis - the straight of messina (between sicily and italy) with a whirlpool

Answer 152

A

Island of thrinacia
Helios and his herd of cattle and sheep
Circe warrens “ don’t eat them”
Cattle are f sun god
You will lose all your companions
They are starving my man
Odysseus was asleep men open bag of winds
And in another version go ashore and kill some of the cattle
Helios complains to zeus and a storm is sent to whip up the ship and a lightning bolt strikes it
We finally meet calypso who warns him of all the comrades who have died
He is taken to ithaca
All his men are dead

Answer 153

A

Odysseus is still distrustful, needs wisdom from athena
Athena under the guise of a make mentor - disguises odysseus, the faithful swineherd.
-He recognizes her tho and they praise each other for being smart lol
Telemachus returns from sparta
Who was hospitalible vs inhospitable
Says to go to beggar
Important to show kindness to a stranger
Final happy reunion between father and son - telemachus and odysseus
Ignorant of who the beggar actually is - eumaeus and telemachus get ready for odysseus return
Penelope is distrustful however
Because so many people claimed to see or be him
She’s been waiting for his return
At the palace

Answer 154

A

At the palace in ithaca
Atinious, and 107 other suitors eat his food
(PENELOPE -SYMBOL of fidelity and intelligence)
Shes been sewing the shroud of laertes, the dad of odysseus, says she won’t marry until she’s done
Smart and cunning like odysseus
Recognition scenes with argus his dog and his nurse - two characters that were close to gim
Symbolic of loyalty his dog Argus died (book 17)
When he gets back his house is in a state of disrepair
Penelope is still fending off suitors - antinuous is lead of 107 other suitors
Is the most disrespectful
Reveals himself through characters
Penelope is a simple of fidelity always dutiful and in love by keeping off the suitors

Answer 155

A

Dog is symbolic of loyalty - was his dog when he was hunting in ithaca
Argus is super old and not being taken care of - sad and lonely
Always by his side
Immediately recognizes odysseus - wags his tail and dies
Eurycleia his nurse is second recognition
Is not treated well
Recognizes him
Melantho is naughty maidservant - who looks over hospitality - recognizes his scar on his foot
Threatens her with death when he sees her
Tryna figure out who is his loyal servant
Shroud of laertes trick: revealed by disloyal maidservants
Every night she would unravel the shroud and disloyal maidservants basically snitch

Answer 156

A

Odysseus plots with his loyal attendants
Takes bow out of the closet to see who is worthy of odysseus old bow - bow only odysseus could string
Retrieves it - only odysseus has strength to shoot through mast head
Antinuous boasts that beggar cannot string bow
Attempts to cheat and bend it
Kills off all suitors through combat
Father and son come together to take down the suitors = telemachus
Telemachus throws stool at beggar odysseus
Telemachus orders penelope to take odysseus
Penelope is super cautious tho
Telemachus and eurycleia insist on his identity
Final test for odysseus
Gets him to move bed
But he made bed by rooting tree in the ground so impossible task….She finally realizes its him

Answer 157

A

Laertes hugs his child odysseus and finally recognizes him
relatives off dead suitors come back for vengeance
Athena makes them not fight and zeus sends thunderbolt to discourage fight
Story of family leadership etc…
Experience of reintegration back into society

Answer 158

A

Jason is hero and leader of the argonauts
Jason is from minyan decent cuz his mom is minyae
In Iolclos: controlled by King Pelia (his uncle) which controlled the plain of thessaly in greece and miletus in ionia

Answer 159

A

Story of golden fleece
athamas , king of boeotia = nephel/nebula
Had kids phrixos and helle
Athamas wife ino is a jealous wife
Asks her sister to parch land so nothing grows
Many die
Athams asks oracle how to end famine
Athamas must sacrifice phrixos to zeus
Phrixos will allow himself to sacrificed for the land (tricked by ino)
Dionysos rescues ino
Athamas is driven mad
Ino throws himself off cliff and they turn into sea divinities
Nephele retrieves children and says they need to fly to colchis
Helle falls off and died
Etiology of hellespont
Phrixos kills ram as sacrifice to ares in colchis
Places fleece in temple of ares which is guarded by serpent
Aitese is nice to colchis and marries chalciope but then eventually kills him as a servant

Answer 160

A

Nephew of pelias
Pelias half brother of aison
Jason as heir leaves for safety so pelias does not harm him
Raised by chiron
Returns 20 years later when he hears pelias is doing a lavish sacrifice for poseidon
Comes across old women in lolcos
Helps woman cross river
Its hera in disguise
Oracle says beware of one man w sandal
Peleus sends him on quest to get the golden fleece
## Hoping he is gong to die on journey

Answer 161

A

Calls together the argonautsL travelers to colchis
Needs these heroes
- Heracles (with Hylas) - Orpheus (post-Homeric addition) - Theseus - the Dioscouri (Castor and Polydeuces) - Peleus - Augeas, king of Elis - Meleager - Atalante - Telamon - Zetes and Calais (winged sons of Boreas, the North Wind

Answer 162

A

Largest ship ever made, first though black seed
Made with oak trees in dodona sacred to zeus
Ship can talk to the argonauts

Answer 163

A

Woman stank and husbands didn’t want to sleep with them because aphrodite cursed them
So they slept with slaves and killed all their husbands except the king thoas
Argonauts were happily taken in
With hypsipule the queen of lemnos
Euneos, nebrophonos are their children
Jason moves on

Answer 164

A

Cyzicos - king of cyzicos and the doliones

Doliones protect themselves bc it is night and cant see the argaunaughts are friends and king dies in battle
Cyzicos dies - he is youthful like jason - he had shown then
Jason accidentally kills him
Only one of two men known to kill
Deaths are not celebrated

Answer 165

A

Mysia
We lose heracles here
He has a boyfriend and water boy on journey
And polyphemus friend of heracles
Heracles must leave the expedition - rows to shore and breaks an oar
Heracles says he wants to make a new oar while argaunauts eat
His boyfriend wanted to get him some water for heracles
Comes across water nymphs who pull him under the water - they keep him
Polyphemus hears this and tells heracles - heracles is raging around
Jason says argaunauts are gonna leave with polyphemus who founds the city cios
Heracles goes back to court of omphale
Hes overshadowing all other heroes = and overshadows jason the main hero

Answer 166

A

= Delegates authority and tries to get aid as much as possible

Answer 167

A

Jason is challenges to battle
Jason steps back and polydeuces steps forward
Amychas does not stretch but waits angrily
Rational vs irrational
Known for his boxing skills
Amycos is defeated
Jason was not protector himself - delegated authority

Answer 168

A

-Phinues is prophet
Zeus takes away his eyesight
- Harpies: zeus’ watchdogs are sent to phineus and steal his food and shit everywhere to terrorize him
- For giving away knowledge of zeus to mortals
- Zetes and calais, sons of the north wind
Phineas says is argaunates help him they will passage safely
- Save phineas fro his fate
- Another version has harpies given up in exhaustion
- Sons of boreas fulfill prophecy
- Says to phineas when they get up to lose rocks

Answer 169

A

crashing rocks they have to pass through
Release pigeon - if it makes it through follow the pigeon
Argo sails through
Divine aid from hera to keep them open forever

Answer 170

A

Witch medea, daughter of aites piestress of hecate
Expert in drugs, poison, magic
Outside of typical roles in greek society
Tasks were usually domestic sphere
Young, innocent, witch with magic
After meeting jason she changes - sexual challneg
Breaks mold once shes had enough of jason = otherness
When jason arrives at palace
Aites heard from oracle a foreigner will be his undoing
When jason asks for fleece he gives him labours to accomplish
Given with hope hero will die
Struck by all consuming love for jason
Medea gives him magical ointment - will protect him from fire
Tasks
Yoke two fire breathing bulls
Sow the dragons teeth
Kill autochthonous warrior creatures - throw them a rock
Didn’t involve a lot of fighting
Aites refuses to give him the fleece

Answer 171

A

sees he had been using her
But knows ultimately that he will leave her for another princess
Knows shes abandoning her father
She goes w jason puts hero to sleep and gives jason the fleece by hiding in the night
She has forsaken country

Answer 172

A

Aapsyrtos is led into an ambush where he is killed jason (other version by her) after luring him into trap
- Unheroic killing via jason

Answer 173

A

Jason and medea are told to go to where cercei lives to be purified of their deaths

Answer 174

A

Make it to corcyra, with the phoenicians
Give them safe cover from man in pursuit
Refuge with alcinous and arete
Arent allowed to be together unless they consummate their marriage
(worthy of political collection)
Otherwise shell still be her dads daughter if she dosent
Shes a barbarian foreigner - not a greek to jason
They meet talos on crete
Giant guy who walks around throwing rocks at strangers
Medea comes to his aid again
Cuz he cant defeat the giant
Pulls ichor out of ankle and talus is dead

Answer 175

A

The death of pelias
Wont return fleece
Dad of jason kills himself wife curses him and kills himself
Before jason returns
Medea plots against his enemies
Rejuvenates a ram back into a lamb
Daughters throw father in cauldron who accidentally kill them trying to do rejuvination trick on pelias

Answer 176

A

Jason and medea are exiled and flee to corinth
Take both of jasons kid
Mermeros and spheres
Jason says he should marry princess in corinth
Blames medea tries to banish her via new political connection
Says let me give glauce a nice marriage gift, gives her marriage gifts that literally set this women on fire
CREON tries to rescue her and dies
Medea completes her revenge by killing both her and sons of jason
In revenge for jason using her
She fulfills her own story line in doing this
Medea runs away on -chariot oh helios
At athens she must find refuge with king aiegeus

Answer 177

A

Unusual death of jason - death by argo (foretold by medea)
Dies alone on argo by timber falling on his head

Answer 178

A

returns to colchis
With help of restoring father onto throne
Renews father daughter relationship with aietes
What was her mindset - innovation on typical hero princess pattern
Jason has destroyed her
Woman of extremes
Full of desire
Torn between love and fear
She says each time i think of this
Unravels to point of killing children
Goes against everything in motherly society

Answer 179

A

he stops off at megarid → ruled by nisos
- nisos’ daughter → scylla
- nisos had one lock of hair → as long as he had this hair this city would be protected
- minos seduces scylla → another story of a girl who falls in love with a hero and is forsaken by the hero and left with nothing
- scylla cuts the hair off her father’s head for minos thinking minos was going to take her, instead he drowns her

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