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Know All The Things Flashcards

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1
Q

Do endotoxins have local & specific effects?

A

Answer: No! Know that endotoxins have a general systemic effect: these effects include fever, DIC, hemorrhage (not local or specific effects!).

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2
Q

A dog has mange. What is a likely secondary skin infection?

A

Answer: A dog with mange (caused by Demodex canis, for example) can develop a secondary Staphylococcus infection. The Staphylococcus infection is an opportunistic infection to the mange. Bacteria that cause pus are called suppurative, pyogenic, or purulent, & include Staphylococcus. Pyoderma means any skin disease that is pyogenic.

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3
Q

What causes “Greasy Pig Disease” in pigs?

A

Answer: Staphylococcus causes “Greasy Pig Disease” in pigs.

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4
Q

What causes “Strangles” in animals?

A

Answer: Streptococcus causes “Strangles”, a disease that is not confined to horses!

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5
Q

What is uniquely difficult about treating Enterococcus?

A

Answer: Enterococcus causes diarrhea & is frequently multi-drug resistant! (VRE = vancomycin resistant enterococci).

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6
Q

What causes caseous lymphadenitis & pyelonephritis?

A

Corynebacterium (pseudotuberculosis or renale group) is associated with caseous lymphadenitis & pyelonephritis (aka, kidney infection).

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7
Q

What is a cause of endocarditis in dogs?

A

Answer: Erysipelothrix can cause endocarditis in dogs

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8
Q

What causes “Diamond Skin Disease” in pigs?

A

Answer: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes “Diamond Skin Disease” in pigs.

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9
Q

An animal with head tilt may be suffering from what pathogen?

A

Answer: Listeria can present as a frank infection that includes diarrhea (many of these cases are written off as something else), & then a minority of Listeria cases show neurological signs with a head tilt, ears down, & eyes half open.

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10
Q

What causes foal pneumonia with a case fatality rate as high as 50%?

A

Rhodococcus causes foal pneumonia, & has a case fatality rate as high as 50%!

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11
Q

What causes “limberneck” in birds?

A

Answer: Clostridial infections can be either histo-toxic or neuro-toxic; “limberneck” occurs in birds that consume fish that have botulism toxin in them (& is therefore neuro-toxic).

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12
Q

What causes “Lumpy Jaw”?

A

Answer: Actinomyces can cause “lumpy jaw” in cattle. Actinomycosis or “lumpy jaw” produces immovable hard swellings on the upper & lower jawbones of cattle, commonly at the central molar level. It is caused by an anaerobic micro-organism, Actinomyces bovis.

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13
Q

What causes “rain rot”?

A

Answer: Dermatophilus is associated with “rain scald”, “lumpy wool”, & strawberry foot rot.

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14
Q

If a human is bitten by a cat, what is the most likely infection that can follow in the bit human

A

Pasteurella multocida is in the oral cavities of cats (& dogs), & can get passed onto (& into!) humans in the form of a bite; Pasteurella multocida causes wound infection.

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15
Q

What is the causative bacterial agent of “Shipping Fever”?

A

Answer: Mannheimia is part of the Pasteurellaceae Family & is the causative agent of “Shipping Fever”. Enzootic pneumonia of calves refers to infectious respiratory disease in calves. Enzootic pneumonia is primarily a problem in calves less than 6 months of age with peak occurrence from 2-10 weeks of age, but “Shipping Fever” may be seen in calves up to 1 year of age.

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16
Q

What causes atrophic rhinitis

A

Pasteurella is associated with atrophic rhinitis. Atrophic rhinitis (atrophy means to waste away) is a widespread & economically important swine disease caused by Pasteurella multocida & Bordetella bronchiseptica.

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17
Q

What is the causative agent of “Snuffles” in rabbits?

A

Answer: Pasteurella is associated with “Snuffles” in rabbits. “Snuffles” is a general term describing a group of upper respiratory signs in rabbits. While there can be different causes of these infections, the most common & generally accepted cause of “Snuffles” is infection with Pasteurella multocida.

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18
Q

What can cause cystitis is dogs?

A

Answer: Haemophilus is associated with cystitis (inflammation of the bladder) in dogs

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19
Q

A cow is found to have TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis); what is a likely bacterial cause?

A

Histophilus is associated with TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis); Histophilus is also associated with pneumonia & septicemia.

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20
Q

What causes “Kennel cough”?

A

Answer: Bordetella bronchiseptica is the causative agent of “Kennel cough”; it can also cause atrophic rhinitis when in combination with Pasteurella multocida.

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21
Q

What causes “pink eye” in cattle?

A

Answer: Moraxella causes “pink eye” in cattle (keratoconjunctivitis), & also corneal ulcers

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22
Q

Would Moraxella be likely to cause hematuria?

A

Answer: No! Moraxella is associated with “pink eye” in cattle; however, histo-toxic Clostridium is associated with “red water” (hemoglobinuria)

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23
Q

What species of animal would most likely be vaccinated for Moraxella?

A

Answer: Cattle; Moraxella is a cattle problem; IgA is needed to kill Moraxella since it’s on the mucosa of the eye.

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24
Q

What does Taylorella cause?

A

Answer: Taylorella is the causative agent of CEM (contagious equine metritis), which is purulent endometritis.

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25
Q

What can cause discospondylitis (a form of osteomyelitis) in dogs?

A

Answer: Brucella canis; discospondylitis is an infection in the intervertebral disc space & is a form of osteomyelitis

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26
Q

How does Campylobacter fetus venerealis in cows most commonly manifest?

A

Answer: Campylobacter fetus venerealis manifests as extended estrus cycles, endometritis, & silent abortion

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27
Q

In adding antibiotics to the pig feed to kill off the Brachyspira, what are you trying to prevent?

A

Dysentery; Brachyspira is responsible for 30% of pig dysentery cases & is controlled by antibiotics like Metronidazole; the other 3rds of pig diarrhea are caused by Lawsonia & the Enterobacteriaceae.

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28
Q

.How is Leptospira spread?

A

Leptospira loves the water & is often spread by urine

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29
Q

What causes “moon blindness” in horses?

A

Answer: Leptospira; “moon blindness” is also called periodic uveitis.

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30
Q

What is associated with foot rot in cattle?

A

Answer: Dichelobacter nodosus is associated with foot rot; this is a gram (-) anaerobe

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31
Q

A cow has chronic diarrhea & wasting with corrugated cardboard ileitis at death; what is the most likely causative agent?

A

Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis; “Johne’s Disease”.

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32
Q

.If a cow tests positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, subspecies bovis, what is the diagnosis?

A

The cow has the equivalent of human Tuberculosis.

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33
Q

Badgers, deer, & elk may serve as reservoirs for what bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium bovis (which is cattle tuberculosis, & it is a zoonotic & can jump into humans).

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34
Q

A bacteria is found within granulocytes. What might be the culprit?

A

Answer: Ehrlichia ewingii.

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35
Q

What bacteria invades neutrophils?

A

Answer: Anaplasma phagocytophilum

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36
Q

A bacteria is found within platelets. What might be the culprit?

A

Anaplasma platys.

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37
Q

What type of cells does Ehrlichia canis infect?

A

Answer: Ehrlichia canis infects monocytes & lymphocytes

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38
Q

What type of cells does Ehrlichia chaffeensis infect?

A

Answer: Ehrlichia chaffeensis infects monocytes.

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39
Q

A bird is found with pasted vents, green diarrhea, & conjunctivitis. What might be causing this?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci; the diarrhea of birds infected with Chlamydophila psittaci is often green since the bacteria affects the liver.

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40
Q

Campylobacter fetus fetus causes frank abortion. What agent has a similar manifestation in sheep?

A

Chlamydophila abortus causes abortion late in pregnancy of ewes & is why pregnant women working with sheep are at an increased risk of abortion.

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41
Q

Chlamydophila felis is most associated with what ailment?

A

Answer: Chlamydophila felis is well-recognized worldwide as a cause of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, & (rarely) pneumonia of domestic cats.

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42
Q

What is the name of the fungal agent that is an opportunistic pathogen, that can grow down the esophagus, but that is ordinarily found on the skin to be harmless?

A

Candidiasis; it gets its foothold at muco-cutaneous junctions.

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43
Q

What fungus is associated with nasal disease in dogs

A

Aspergillosis.

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44
Q

What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?

A

Answer: Microsporum canis.

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45
Q

What fungal infection is associated with subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Answer: Sporotrichosis

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46
Q

what is the most common systemic mycosis of cats

A

Cryptococcosis is a common systemic mycosis in cats that often affects the nasal cavity.

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47
Q

.What systemic (deep) mycosis is an inhabitant of soil & wood, & is found especially where water levels fluctuate?

A

Blastomycosis

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48
Q

What systemic (deep) mycosis is a harbinger of human disease?

A

Answer: Blastomycosis.

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49
Q

What systemic (deep) mycosis presents with ~80% of dogs having pulmonary infection?

A

Answer: Coccidioidomycosis

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50
Q

Which systemic mycotic disease are you most likely to encounter out west in the desert?

A

Answer: Coccidioidomycosis.

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51
Q

This sheep has a tilted head. What bacteria may explain it?

A

Listeria

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52
Q

What infection may explain this subcutaneous infection?”

Image of a white cat leg with a wound that has deep epithelial granulomatous reaction with dark edges

A

Sporotrichosis

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53
Q

Which mycotic infection is the most zoonotic?

A

Sporotrichosis

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54
Q

What tick born pathogens are you least likely to see on a blood smear?

A

Answer: Ehrlichia canis & Ehlichia chaffeensis (since both infect monocytes)

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55
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen that is normally in the upper respiratory tract, alimentary, & genital mucosa?

A

Candidiasis

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56
Q

What fungus can cause gastric ulceration?

A

Candidiasis.

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57
Q

Which fungus has thick walls, is multi-septate, & has no microconidia?

A

Microsporum canis.

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58
Q

.Which fungus is smooth, thin-walled, occurs in small numbers, & may have microconidia?

A

Trichophyton

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59
Q

How does the “Derm-Duet” media work?

A

Answer: Derm-Duet has 2 sides to it: Rapid Sporulation Media (RSM) & Dermatophyte Test Media (DTM); DTM will turn red within a few days when a dermatophytic fungus is present. Dermatophytes include Microsporum canis & Trichophyton; the RSM side will induce the organisms to produce spores (macroconidia) which can be viewed microscopically for identification.

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60
Q

What does the Cotton Blue stain allow you to see?

A

Answer: Cotton Blue Stain allows for the visualization of fungus. With it, you can see septae & hyphae.

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61
Q

Which dermatophyte disease is caused by a yeast?

A

Malassezia

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62
Q

What is this fungus that is highly encapsulated?

A

Sporotrichosis

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63
Q

.What fungus causes chin acne of cats?

A

Malassezia.

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64
Q

What fungus likes temperate, moist environments & is common in the southeast US?

A

Answer: Blastomycosis. Moist areas are great for growing Blastomycosis!

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65
Q

What species of animals is infected more than others with Blastomycosis?

A

Dogs

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66
Q

How does Blastomycosis get into the animal?

A

Answer: Blastomycosis is simply inhaled

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67
Q

What is this yeast with a broad base of budding?

A

Blastomyces

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68
Q

After Blastomyces get into the respiratory tract, what can happen?

A

Answer: Blastomyces can go from the respiratory tract to become cutaneous lesions.

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69
Q

If you see a dog with Blastomycosis on the leg, where is it also

A

Answer: Blastomyces must also be in the lung!

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70
Q

What fungus likes hot & arid soils?

A

Answer: Coccidioidomycosis.

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71
Q

How does an animal get Coccidioidomycosis?

A

Answer: An animal gets Coccidioidomycosis by breathing in the spores

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72
Q

.Coccidioidomycosis is also known as what?

A

Valley Fever.

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73
Q

How does Coccidioidomycosis often present?

A

Answer: First, Coccidioidomycosis may present as a flu, then can develop into a pneumonia. Look for big, fungal lesions in the lung.

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74
Q

How infectious is Coccidioidomycosis?

A

Answer: Coccidioidomycosis is extremely infectious, & all it takes is 1 spore! This is a feared thing!

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75
Q

How can you diagnose Coccidioidomycosis?

A

look for sporangia

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76
Q

Where is Histoplasmosis often found?

A

Answer: Histoplasmosis is often found in temperate, wet climates (Mississippi & Ohio River watersheds); Histoplasmosis is most often diagnosed in dogs since they have their noses to the ground & inhale spores.

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77
Q

How does Histoplasmosis often present?

A

Answer: Histoplasmosis often presents as pneumonia

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78
Q

In what form is Cryptococcosis always?

A

Cryptococcosis is always yeast!

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79
Q

What does the budding yeast like in Cryptococcosis?

A

Answer: Cryptococcosis budding is NOT broad based; it’s tiny & narrow.

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80
Q

What tick born disease causes splenomegaly in birds?

A

Answer: Borrelia.

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81
Q

What are the hallmarks of Staphylococcus infections?

A

Purulent lesions & abscesses, pus, thick cell walls of the Staphylococcus bacteria, & a strong antigen response. Think cutaneous abscesses, “greasy pig disease”, & “bumble foot”.

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82
Q

What causes “Greasy Pig” & “Bumble Foot”?

A

Staphylococcus

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83
Q

Is Streptococcus more robust than Staphylococcus, or less so?

A

Answer: Less so! Streptococcus is a bit more delicate than Staphylococcus

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84
Q

What causes “Strangles” in horses?

A

Streptococcus equi equi.

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85
Q

What is the disease pattern of Streptococcus?

A

Streptococcus leads to septicemia & pneumonia.

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86
Q

Can you vaccinate horses against “Strangles”?

A

Yes

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87
Q

Can you give a “Strangles” (Streptococcus) vaccine before birth?

A

yes

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88
Q

Does Streptococcus just present as “Strangles”?

A

Answer: No! Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus has a larger host range, & can effect pigs & calves.

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89
Q

What was Enterococcus classified as previously?

A

Answer: Enterococcus was previously considered a Lancefield Group D Streptococcus.

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90
Q

What is special about Enterococcus?

A

Enterococcus is multi-drug resistant!

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91
Q

How can Enterococcus present in dogs & cats?

A

Enterococcus can present as diarrhea, OR as an ear infection (otitis)

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92
Q

How does Arcanobacterium cause disease?

A

Arcanobacterium is more like Staphylococcus in that it is present on the skin & can cause disease; look for pus, purulent lesions, & suppurative (full of pus) lesions

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93
Q

Does Arcanobacterium have a particular disease pattern?

A

Answer: No, it just depends on where the bacteria spreads

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94
Q

What can Bacillus cereus cause?

A

Answer: Food poisoning.

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95
Q

How does Bacillus anthracis kill?

A

Answer: Bacillus anthracis emits a hemotoxin, vascular permeability is increased, the animal goes into hypotensive shock, & dies rapidly.

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96
Q

What species of animal is most affected by Bacillus anthracis?

A

Answer: Cattle via the GI, since they pull up grass & ingest soil in the process.

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97
Q

Can you vaccinate for Anthrax?

A

Yes

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98
Q

.Where might petechial hemorrhages be found in a cow dead of anthrax?

A

Petechial hemorrhages might be found on the heart, on the spleen, & lots of places

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99
Q

Is there a historical note to the anthrax saga?

A

Answer: Yes; there are anthrax spores to be found to this day along the cattle trails of the 1800s.

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100
Q

What 2 Corynebacterium must you know for the exam?

A

Answer: C. pseudotuberculosis & C. renale group.

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101
Q

What does C. pseudotuberculosis cause?

A

C. pseudotuberculosis causes caseous lymphadenitis.

102
Q

What does C. renale group cause?

A

Answer: C. renale group causes urinary tract infections & pyelonephritis & is why good sanitation in the milking parlor is important!

103
Q

How does Corynebacterium renale group cause pyelonephritis?

A

Answer: Corynebacterium renale group infection begins in the urinary tract, works its way up to the bladder (cystitis), & can then go further up to the kidneys to cause kidney infection (pyelonephritis).

104
Q

What causes “pigeon breast”?

A

Answer: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

105
Q

The skin of fish may contain what Gram (+) bacteria that we’ve studied?

A

Erysipelothrix is present on fish skin & may infect people who handle fish, especially if those people have tiny cuts on their hands.

106
Q

How does Erysipelothrix present in pigs?

A

Answer: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes “diamond skin disease” in pigs. This is simply the gross manifestation of DIC in the small vessels of the skin

107
Q

How can Erysipelothrix present in dogs & cats?

A

Answer: Erysipelothrix can cause endocarditis in dogs & cats

108
Q

Can you vaccinate for Erysipelothrix?

A

yes

109
Q

Does Listeria cause neurological signs, or GI signs?

A

Answer: Listeria causes both neurological signs & GI signs; the GI signs are usually mild & written off as something else, while the notorious & very serous signs tend to be neurological.

110
Q

Is there a danger of zoonotic transmission with Listeria?

A

Answer: Yes! Listeria can contaminate cold cuts & meats since it is a cold loving thing,

111
Q

What is the greater risk to a foal: Streptococcus or Rhodococcus?

A

Answer: Rhodococcus! Rhodococcus (foal pneumonia) can have a case fatality rate as high as 50%!

112
Q

Where does Rhodococcus come from?

A

Answer: Rhodococcus is just a soil loving thing that doesn’t intend to get into a horse; Rhodococcus gets breathed in & it is why dust control is important when it comes to foal pneumonia.

113
Q

Can adult horses get Rhodococcus?

A

Answer: Yes, but most adult horses have some level of titer to Rhodococcus & it is seldom deadly

114
Q

How do Clostridial organisms breath?

A

Answer: Clostridium does not breath; they are anaerobes & as old as the hills! Clostridium are strict anaerobes.

115
Q

What is the source of infection of Clostridium?

A

Endospores

116
Q

How can Clostridium infections present?

A

Answer: Clostridial infections can present as histo-toxic or neuro-toxic.

117
Q

How does a histo-toxic Clostridium infection occur?

A

Answer: Clostridium gains access to the animal either through ingestion of endospores (C. difficile) or via inoculation of a wound (C. perfringens).

118
Q

. What can Clostridium perfringens cause?

A

Answer: Gas gangrene

119
Q

What kind of animal can get a Clostridium infection?

A

Answer: ANY kind of animal

120
Q

What dictates what kind of disease Clostridium causes?

A

It all depends on where the endospores end up

121
Q

What vaccine is available for Clostridium?

A

Answer: There is the annual vax

122
Q

What is the difference between tetanus toxin & botulism toxin?

A

Answer: Tetanus toxin causes spastic action, while botulism toxin causes flaccid paralysis

123
Q

.If an animal ingests pre-formed toxin (such as botulism) or the endospores of tetanus, what determines the result?

A

The result depends on how many toxins the animal ingested, or how many endospores the animal was exposed to, & the body mass of the animal; botulism toxin is preformed! Tetanus toxin is not pre-formed!

124
Q

Is there a vaccine for tetanus?

A

yes

125
Q

Where does Actinomyces usually live?

A

Answer: Actinomyces is normal flora of the mouth.

126
Q

Where does Dermatophilus usually live?

A

Answer: Dermatophilus is a soil dwelling organism

127
Q

How does an animal get a Dermatophilus infection, & how does it present?

A

Answer: Dermatophilus gets its foothold on an animal via wet conditions (think of a horse that is always wet since it has no shelter to dry out in), & can also cause problems of the feet; Dermatophilus infections present as “lumpy wool”, “rain scald”, & foot problems.

128
Q

What is unique about Gram (-) bacteria vs Gram (+) bacteria

A

Answer: While Gram (+) bacteria have a thick outer wall, Gram (-) bacteria have a separate outer membrane & do not depend so much on the cell wall. This outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides, also known as endotoxin (which is not very antigenic).

129
Q

Are endotoxins & enterotoxins the same thing?

A

Answer: No! Enterotoxins target the luminal surface of the gut & allows water to flow out; endotoxins are another name for Gram (-) lipopolysaccharides.

130
Q

Do all Escherichia coli secrete enterotoxins?

A

Answer: No, some actually attach to the cell surface of the gut themselves & cause disease

131
Q

What is “edema disease”?

A

Escherichia coli colonize & proliferate in the small intestine; enterotoxins are produced that damage the small arteries & arterioles. Degenerative angiopathy leads to increased vascular permeability & accumulation of edema at various sites, most notably the colon, stomach, small intestine, eyelids, & brain

132
Q

Can Escherichia coli cause diarrhea in the upper or lower GI tract?

A

Answer: Either; if there is hemorrhaging, it is most dangerous since frank blood means other things in the intestines can be gaining access to systemic circulation

133
Q

Is there a good vaccine against Escherichia coli?

A

no

134
Q

Does Salmonella cause just diarrhea?

A

Answer: No; Salmonella also causes pneumonia, abortion, & arthritis. PADA: pneumonia, abortion, diarrhea, arthritis

135
Q

Other than diarrhea, what can Yersinia cause?

A

Answer: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis subspecies pestis causes plague, but not diarrhea. Plague presents as petechial hemorrhage, pulmonary DIC, & hemorrhage.

136
Q

What does Shigella cause?

A

Answer: Shigella causes dysentery in primates.

137
Q

How does Pasteurella multocida get into a person from a cat (or dog)?

A

Answer: Via bites, especially cat bites!

138
Q

What is the causative agent of “Shipping Fever”?

A

Answer: Mannheimia

139
Q

Is “Shipping Fever” often just one thing?

A

No, it is often many things together, both bacterial & viral.

140
Q

What causes atrophic rhinitis?

A

Answer: Pasteurella & Bordetella together

141
Q

What causes “Snuffles” in rabbits?

A

Answer: Pasteurella

142
Q

What causes “avian cholera”?

A

Pastuerella.

143
Q

What causes “wooden tongue”?

A

Answer: Actinobacillus causes “wooden tongue”.

144
Q

What causes foal pneumonia?

A

Answer: Rhodococcus causes foal pneumonia, as does Actinobacillus

145
Q

Can Actinobacillus cause wound infections, like Actinomyces?

A

Answer: Yes, both Actinobacillus (causative agent of “wooden tongue”) & Actinomyces (causative agent of “lumpy jaw”) cause wound infections.

146
Q

How does “wooden tongue” form?

A

“Wooden tongue” forms from abrasions on the tongue

147
Q

Is there a vaccine for Actinobacillus?

A

Yes

148
Q

Where is Haemophilus in a healthy animal?

A

Answer: Haemophilus is found in the upper respiratory tract normally, but can escape!

149
Q

What does Haemophilus cause?

A

Answer: Haemophilus causes conjuntivitis & cystitis in cats & dogs, & also pneumonia, serositis, meningitis, & “Glasser’s disease” in pigs.

150
Q

What is the most common presentation of Haemophilus?

A

Answer: Conjunctivitis (watery eyes) in cats & “Glasser’s Disease” in pigs

151
Q

Is there a vaccine for Haemophilus?

A

yes, for birds

152
Q

What is the Histophilus species worth knowing for the exam

A

Answer: Histophilus somni, which is ordinarily found in the respiratory tract, but then gets out. Somni = sleepy = think TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis)!

153
Q

Is Histophilus, once it gets to the TEME stage, recoverable?

A

No

154
Q

Is there a vaccine for Histophilus?

A

There is a Histophilus bacterin for pre-weaning calves & feedlot cattle.

155
Q

Is “Kennel cough” often an isolated thing?

A

Answer: No; like “Shipping Fever”, “Kennel cough” is often a long list of things together, which can include Bordetella.

156
Q

What can Bordetella do to the trachea?

A

Bordetella can flatten out the trachea

157
Q

Is there a vaccine for Bordetella?

A

Yes

158
Q

How is Francisella transmitted?

A

Answer: Francisella is a tick born disease & it can be very severe, with endotoxemia, inflammation, etc.

159
Q

Is there a zoonotic risk with Francisella?

A

Answer: Yes! Francisella is also called “Rabbit Fever”.

160
Q

Is Francisella linked to geography?

A

Answer: Yes, due to the ticks!

161
Q

Does Francisella affect birds?

A

No, just rabbits/mammals

162
Q

How is Moraxella transmitted?

A

Moraxella is transmitted by fly bites; Moraxella is in the fly saliva, & then the fly bites, & Moraxella colonizes the eye area & causes pink eye in cattle.”

163
Q

Is there a vaccine for Moraxella?

A

Yes

164
Q

Where is Pseudomonas found?

A

Pseudomonas is a common environmental thing; think of moist places.

165
Q

Is Pseudomonas easy to treat?

A

Answer: No, Pseudomonas is a nightmare to treat since it’s so antibiotic resistant

166
Q

How does Pseudomonas get into an animal?

A

Answer: Pseudomonas can gain entry & inoculate anywhere & anything; Pseudomonas has a specific odor & is green

167
Q

Is Burkholderia mallei found in the US?

A

No, it causes glanders though.

168
Q

Is Burkholderia pseudomallei found in the US?

A

Answer: Burkholderia pseudomallei may be encountered in zoos, but if you see it, report it to the state vet office (think of the iguana & the FBI).

169
Q

What is “Glanders”?

A

“Glanders” is a lot like “Strangles”, only it is caused by Burkholderia mallei & is multiorgan & multi-systemic.

170
Q

. What does Taylorella cause?

A

Answer: Taylorella causes contagious equine metritis (CEM), or purulent metritis.

171
Q

Is Taylorella a foreign disease?

A

Answer: Taylorella is alleged to be a foreign disease which is why the US uses quarantine based testing; however, the entertainment clause allows horses into the US without testing, so Taylorella is likely endemic in the US.”

172
Q

What type of animal can get Brucella?

A

Answer: Any type of animal can get Brucella!

173
Q

What does Brucella cause?

A

Answer: Brucella causes orchitis, abortion, & osteomyelitis, as well as infertility.

174
Q

Why is Brucella a hot button issue?

A

Answer: Brucella is a hot button issue since ranchers think the national parks are a reservoir for Brucella, which can affect their cattle (& cause disease in their cattle, & great economic loss!).

175
Q

Is there a vaccine for Brucella?

A

Answer: Yes, developed right here at UF

176
Q

s there a zoonotic potential for Brucella?

A

Yes

177
Q

. How does Campylobacter jejuni present?

A

Answer: Campylobacter jejuni presents as a gastro-enteritis (like Salmonella).

178
Q

What species does Campylobacter fetus venerealis most often infect?

A

C. fetus venerealis most often infects cattle.

179
Q

Can Campylobacter jejuni cause human disease, like diarrhea?

A

Answer: Yes! Campylobacter jejuni causes human diarrhea cases.

180
Q

What Campylobacter messes up artificial insemination (AI) programs?

A

Campylobacter fetus venerealis causes extended estrus cycles as well as silent abortions, & it messes up AI.

181
Q

Is there a vaccine for Campylobacter?

A

Yes

182
Q

What does Brachyspira cause?

A

Answer: Brachyspira is responsible for a third of all pig diarrhea.

183
Q

What does Lawsonia cause?

A

Lawsonia causes a third of all pig diarrhea, & it is seldom identified definitively outside the pig industry since it’s the pig industry that has an economic incentive to figure out what is killing its pigs!

184
Q

What causes “wet tail”?

A

Answer: Lawsonia causes “wet tail”. It also causes pig diarrhea

185
Q

Will you see fibrin tags in pig intestines with Lawsonia infection?

A

Yes

186
Q

Is there a vaccine for Lawsonia?

A

Answer: Yes, there is an attenuated live vaccine for Lawsonia.

187
Q

Are Helicobacter normally present in an animal?

A

Answer: Yes, Helicobacter are assumed to be present in the oral cavity & gut of animals.

188
Q

What does Helicobacter cause?

A

Answer: Helicobacter causes gastritis

189
Q

How is Borrelia transmitted?

A

Answer: Borrelia is a tick born thing (not exactly a gram -, but kind of); it causes Lyme Disease & the first sign is often headache & photophobia, though it is hard to tell if a dog has a headache

190
Q

What does Borrelia cause?

A

In addition to Lyme Disease, Borrelia causes lymphadenopathy, arthritis, & splenomegaly in birds (“avian spirochetosis”, which is characterized by marked splenomegaly).”

191
Q

Is there a vaccine for Borrelia?

A

Yes, for dogs

192
Q

What does Leptospira love

A

Answer: Leptospira is a water-loving thing; Leptospira is found in nature & in the GI tract; contamination with Leptospira is often via the fecal route, & once an animal gets Leptospira, septicemia follows & then Leptospira is shed in the infected animal’s urine.

193
Q

What does Leptospira cause?

A

Answer: Leptospira causes septicemia, renal disease, rat catcher’s yellows, & “moon blindness” (periodic uveitis) in horses.

194
Q

What can Leptospira do to the urine?

A

Leptospira causes hemoglobinura

195
Q

Is there a vaccine for Leptospira?

A

Yes

196
Q

Do Bacteroides, Dichelobacter, & Fusobacterium need oxygen?

A

Answer: No, they are anaerobes

197
Q

How do the anaerobes present as far as disease?

A

The anaerobes cause podo- & inter-digital dermatitis since the hoof has low amounts of oxygen; the anaerobes have slow metabolisms since they are anaerobes, so these are slow, festering wounds

198
Q

What is unique about the Mycobacterium?

A

Answer: Mycobacterium have thick, greasy outer walls that make it hard for host defenses to defeat them

199
Q

What causes Johnes Disease?

A

Answer: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

200
Q

what causes the tuberculosis in cows?

A

Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis subspecies bovis. This is classic TB, & requires quarantine & is a zoonotic.

201
Q

How do the lesions of Mycobacterium present?

A

The lesions can be cutaneous, & these are usually slowly developing & can spread extensively; the Mycobacterium do not stain with HE.

202
Q

In tuberculosis infections, will the lesions just be cutaneous?

A

Answer: No, lesions will also be inside the animal, such as in the lungs, spleen, & lymph nodes

203
Q

How does Johnes present?

A

Answer: Johnes Disease is an ileitis & so presents as diarrhea & emaciation

204
Q

How do you test for TB vs Johnes?

A

Answer: Comparative Cervical Test; jab for TB & jab for Johnes, & then get out the calipers.

205
Q

Where does Nocardia usually live?

A

Answer: Nocardia lives in the soil.

206
Q

. How does Nocardia usually present?

A

Answer: Nocardia often presents as abscesses & effusions, & is found in dogs that are kept chained up in the dirt with collars that are too small.

207
Q

Are Mycoplasmas gram (+) or gram (-)?

A

Neither. Think of Mycoplasma as little water balloons that depend on the life-style of the host

208
Q

What kind of animal can get Mycoplasma?

A

Answer: Any kind of animal can get Mycoplasma

209
Q

How can Mycoplasma infection present?

A

Answer: Mycoplasma presents as conjunctivitis, mastitis, pneumonia, air sacculitis, & arthritis.

210
Q

Do Mycoplasma ever colonize RBCs?

A

Answer: Yes, Mycoplasma can colonize the RBCs & cause anemia; therefore, Mycoplasma can be confused with Anaplasma marginale

211
Q

Can Mycoplasma cause pneumonia?

A

Answer: Yes, Mycoplasma can cause Walking Pneumonia & pleuropneomonia, which has been eradicated in the US.

212
Q

Can Mycoplasma cause joint issues?

A

Yes, Mycoplasma causes blood in the joint

213
Q

Can Mycoplasma cause arthritis & air sacculitis in birds?

A

Yes

214
Q

Why are Ehrlichia canis & Ehrlichia chaffeensis hard to diagnosis?

A

Answer: E. canis & E. chaffeensis are hard to diagnose since they live in monocytes, & those are scarcely circulating cells.

215
Q

Geographically, where are E. canis & E. chaffeensis most commonly diagnosed?

A

Answer: They are most commonly diagnosed in the southern US.

216
Q

What are the 3 phases of Ehrlichia canis infection?

A

Answer: Acute, subclinical, & chronic phases; thrombocytopenia is noted

217
Q

What cell does Ehrlichia ewingii infect?

A

Answer: E. ewingii infects granulocytes.

218
Q

With what drug is Ehrlichia canis best treated

A

Doxycycline

219
Q

Where are Anaplasma phagocytophilum found?

A

Answer: In neutrophils; they can be seen as morula on blood smears or in the buffy coat.

220
Q

Can Anaplasma phagocytophilum cause joint issues?

A

Answer: Yes, Anaplasma phagocytophilum can manifest as joint issues

221
Q

What does Anaplasma platys infect?

A

platelets

222
Q

What causes Potomac Horse Fever?

A

Answer: Neorickettsia risticii; the vector is a fluke

223
Q

Does Chlamydia have a strict host range?

A

Answer: Yes! We do, though, worry about zoonotic transmission, especially with Chlamydophila psittaci.

224
Q

Why do Chlamydia look like little dots of green

A

Answer: Because you’re seeing the reticulate bodies (vegetative; RB) & elementary bodies (infectious; EB). Chlamydia cycle between EBs & RBs

225
Q

How does Chlamydophila psittaci present in birds?

A

As avian hepatomegaly & avian splenomegaly.

226
Q

How does Chlamydophila felis often present in cats?

A

Answer: As conjunctivitis, rhinitis, & (rarely) pneumonia; acute, chronic, or recurrent conjunctivitis is the most common manifestation (& can be confused with Haemophilus or Mycoplasma infection).

227
Q

What causes enzootic ovine abortion?

A

Answer: Chlamydophia abortus; also called Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE), a number of animals are susceptible to this; this can cause abortion storms when 1 fetus is aborted, then other sheep go sniff the dead lamb, & then Chlamydophila abortus gets transmitted; Chlamydophila abortus is why pregnant women working with sheep have an increased risk of abortion.

228
Q

What Chlamydophila is causing a big outbreak in koalas?

A

Answer: Chlamydophila pecorum.

229
Q

Is there a zoonotic potential for Chlamydophila?

A

Answer: Yes; there is a known potential for Chlamydophila psittaci & Chlamydophila abortus; there is a reported zoonotic potential for Chlamydophila felis.

230
Q

Most opportunistic mycoses are attributed to what?

A

Candida or Aspergillus. Candida looks like little pills & Aspergillus looks like dandelions.

231
Q

What fungus can lead to scarring of the esophagus?

A

Candidiasis

232
Q

What 3 species, in particular, can be effected by Aspergillosis?

A

Answer: Dogs (their noses), horses (their guttural pouches), & birds (via contaminated litter).

233
Q

What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?

A

Answer: Microsporum canis. This is animal to animal transmitted.

234
Q

Is Malassezia a yeast or mold or both?

A

Answer: Malassezia is a yeast

235
Q

What causes chin acne of cats?

A

Answer: Malassezia, a yeast.

236
Q

What does Sporotrichosis infect & how does it get into the animal?

A

Answer: Deeper layers of the skin; Sporothichosis gets into the animal via puncture or bite wounds & disseminates

237
Q

What sort of weather does Blastomycosis like?

A

Blastomycosis likes wet weather, but also temperate; Blastomycosis is common in the southeast

238
Q

How does Blastomycosis gain access to an animal?

A

Answer: Blastomycosis is simply inhaled, & often by dogs

239
Q

Does Blastomycosis stay in the respiratory tract?

A

Answer: No; Blastomycosis starts in the respiratory tract, & then spreads & causes cutaneous lesions.

240
Q

What distinguishes Microsporum canis from Blastomycosis?

A

Answer: Blastomycosis starts in the lungs & then becomes cutaneous lesions; Microsporum canis is only ever a cutaneous infection (dermatophyte).

241
Q

What is a broad based budding yeast?

A

Answer: Blastomycosis.

242
Q

Will topical drugs alone cure a Blastomycosis infection?

A

Answer: No; if you find cutaneous Blastomycosis, remember it got there via the lung; therefore, systemic drugs are needed to treat Blastomycosis

243
Q

What causes Valley Fever?

A

Coccidioidomycosis; it likes hot, arid soils.

244
Q

How does Coccidioidomycosis usually present in dogs?

A

Answer: It usually presents as a lung infection.

245
Q

What is the infectious dose of Coccidioidomycosis

A

Answer: 1 spore

246
Q

Does Histoplasmosis like wet weather or dry?

A

Answer: Histoplasmosis likes wet climates, especially around the Mississippi & Ohio River watersheds.

247
Q

How does Histoplasmosis often present?

A

Answer: Histoplasmosis often presents as a pneumonia.

248
Q

. Do Histoplasmosis & Blastomycosis look similar in tissues?

A

No, they look different, with Blastomycosis having a broad based budding, & Histoplasmosis having invaded macrophages.

249
Q

is Cryptococcosis always a yeast?

A

Yes

250
Q

Where does Cryptococcosis like to infect?

A

Cryptococcosis is a yeast that likes to infect the nasal cavities of cats.

251
Q

Does Cryptococcosis have a broad or narrow budding base?

A

Cryptococcosis has a narrow budding base.

Microbiology (2 decks)

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