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PHYS 216 > Knobology > Flashcards

Knobology Flashcards

1
Q

Should you unplug your probe while active?

A

No

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2
Q

What are presets?

A

Used to help more closely optimize an image for assumed scanning conditions

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3
Q

What are some 2D controls

A
  1. Transducer selection
  2. Multi hertz
  3. Harmonics
  4. Transmit power
  5. TGC
  6. Focus
  7. Depth
  8. Dynamic range
  9. Freeze
  10. Cine loop
  11. Sector width
  12. Dual image
  13. Calculations
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4
Q

What is the Multi hertz function on the Ultrasound machine? 2

A
  1. These knobs allow you to change the frequency that you are scanning with without changing probes.
  2. On most machines this is simply called frequency
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5
Q

What is the harmonics function on a machine?

A

When harmonics is active the machine will send out a fundamental frequency and receive double that frequency when echo return

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6
Q

When should harmonics be used?

A

Whenever the penetration allows

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7
Q

Modern day “code harmonics” allows for what?

A

Excellent penetration with higher frequencies

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8
Q

What does the transmit power knob do?

A

Adjust the intensity of the ultrasound beam transmitted to the patient

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9
Q

Increasing the intensity on the transmit power knob does what?

A

Improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and enhance sensitivity

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10
Q

Some machines transmit power function will be defaulted to 100% on start up so you can only turn it down. Be aware because what do some machines do?

A

Some machines may automatically adjust our gains to compensate

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11
Q

What does gain do?

A

Amplifies all the returned echoes during signal processing and is expressed in decibels

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12
Q

What is a TGC?

A

A receiver gain that adjusts according to time delay or depth

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13
Q

The TGC is often expressed as what?

A

A slope where the increase in slope is equal to an increase in amplification

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14
Q

Where is lateral gain functions found?

A

On some cardiac equipment

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15
Q

What is lateral gain used for?

A

To compensate for side to side non-uniformities in image brightness due to different pathways

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16
Q

How does lateral gain differ from TGC?

A

It alters echo intensities from individuals scan lines on the periphery of the image

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17
Q

What does focus do?

A

Adjusts the depth of near field to improve the lateral resolution at the area of interest

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18
Q

Multiple Foci may be available for a larger field but what happens?

A

Frame rate is significantly reduced

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19
Q

What does Co-processing do?

A

Help reduce the impact in frame rate

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20
Q

What does the depth knob do?

A

Gives the ability to maximize the field of view

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21
Q

As the depth changes what must we do to echo information?

A

The echo information must be redistributed to fit the monitor

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22
Q

Depth influences what?

A

The frame rate and line density since the speed of sound is a constant

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23
Q

What is dynamic range?

A

A form of compression that reduces the number of shades of gray to increase the contrast displayed

24
Q

When dynamic range is reduced what happens?

A

Weak echoes and noise are removed from the image

25
Q

If dynamic range is improperly set it may prevent what?

A

The visualization of small low- contrast structures

26
Q

What does the freeze control do?

A

Stops the transducer from sending out sound

27
Q

What is Cine loop do?

A

Gives the operator the ability to evaluate structures frame by frame to acquire the best image

28
Q

The number of frames stored in Cine loop varies by what?

A

Machine but is typically in the range of hundreds

29
Q

What is Cine loop?

A

System memory which allows for a number of frames to be saved until the image is frozen

30
Q

What is sector width?

A

Curved linear and echo probes there is the ability to reduce the field of view by firing fewer scan lines

31
Q

Why does adjusting sector width do?

A

Potentially improve the frame rate and may also improve the spatial resolution of the image

32
Q

What is dual image? And what’s the benefit?

A

The ability to split the screen. This can be of value when demonstrating certain anatomy or pathology

33
Q

What is persistences?

A

Frame averaging

34
Q

What does persistence help with?

A

Noise reduction by applying temporal averaging to individual pixels

35
Q

Increasing the persistence will do what?

A

Decrease the frame rate and is not used for cardiac applications

36
Q

With the persistence knob the operator can select the number of frames that are averaged to do what?

A

Create more consistent images

37
Q

Different calculations are available where?

A

programmed for the pre-set relative to the anatomy that is being interrogated

38
Q

Can we program different calculations for a preset?

A

Yes

39
Q

What are some less commonly used tool on most machines?

A
  1. Zoom
  2. Maps
  3. Video invert
  4. L/R and T/B invert
  5. Hidden functions
40
Q

What does zoom do in an ultrasound?

A

Magnifies the image

41
Q

What are the two types of zoom?

A
  1. Write zoom
  2. Read zoom
42
Q

What is write zoom?

A

Magnifies the image before it is written to the memory.

43
Q

What is write zoom associated with?

A

Improved resolution

44
Q

What is does read zoom do?

A

Magnifies the image after the image is committed to the systems memory

45
Q

What is the maps functions in ultrasound?

A

A way to redistribute the shades of gray displayed so that emphasis can be given to particular values

46
Q

What can maps be used in ultrasound?

A

Brighten all low level echoes but ignore echoes above a threshold or vice versa

47
Q

When can maps be applied?

A

Before or after an image is frozen and vary with manufacturers

48
Q

What is the video invert function?

A

Images are conventionally displayed with fluid as back and soft tissue as varying shades of gray

49
Q

What is image invert?

A

An image can be inverted from top to bottom and left and right

50
Q

What can be the advantage to image invert?

A

Interventional procedures to assist the performing physician with the introduction of a needle

51
Q

What are hidden functions?

A

Some applications may be hidden as they are not commonly used but can be of value in times of need

52
Q

What is pre- processing?

A

Anything that can be done before the image is committed to memory

53
Q

What is post processing?

A

Controls are applied to the image after it is frozen

54
Q

What are some of the more common controls to both spectral and colour doppler? 4

A
  1. Gain
  2. Scale (PRF)
  3. Steer
  4. Invert
55
Q

What is compound imaging? 2

A
  1. Combination of beam steering and frame averaging that can improve the SNR and help eliminate artifacts
  2. Different companies use different trade names for this technology
56
Q

What is the problem with compounding imaging sometimes?

A

Some artifacts can be useful in aiding diagnosis this control must be used appropriately

57
Q

What is considered an appropriated size for the sample volume when performing doppler?

A

1/3 the size of the lumen

PHYS 216 (8 decks)

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