KNES465-0101 Lecture 3: Prevention vs. Treatment

Question 1

Are physical activity and inactivity on the same spectrum? Are they mirror images?

Answer 1

No they are not. It takes 8 weeks of PA to offset 9 days of bed rest.

mRNA is altered by inactivity

For MI patients, each week that exercise was delayed required an additional month of training to achieve the same level of benefit on LV remodeling

Question 2

So why do we care?

Answer 2

• These studies suggest the
  mechanisms between physical
  activity and inactivity are
  different
• A single pathway may not
  be able to explain the
  differences

Question 3

Mechanisms of Inactivity

Answer 3

• Reduced blood flow to
  skeletal muscle
• Decreased Nitric Oxide
  (NO)
• Increased CRP (C-reactive
  protein)

Question 4

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Answer 4

a gaseous signaling molecule

in the endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels nitric oxide signals the surrounding smooth muscle to relax, resulting in vasodilation and increased blood flow

Question 5

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Answer 5

a protein synthesized by the liver, whose level rises in response to inflammation.

plays a role in the recognition and clearance of foreign pathogens and damaged cells

Question 6

Mechanisms of Physical Activity

Answer 6

• Increased glucose uptake
  into skeletal muscle with
  exercise
• Increased insulin
  sensitivity?
• If so, can exercise reverse
  prediabetes - Yes

Question 7

Primary Prevention

Answer 7

“refers to health promotion, which fosters wellness in general and thus reduces the likelihood of disease, disability, and premature death in a nonspecific manner, as well as specific protection against the inception of disease”

Question 8

Secondary Prevention

Answer 8

“refers to the detection and management of presymptomatic disease, and the prevention of its progression to symptomatic disease.”

Question 9

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 9

“refers to the treatment of symptomatic disease in an effort to slow down its further progression to disability or premature death. There is a legitimate focus on prevention even after disease develops…”

Question 10

Hypertension

Answer 10

a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against artery walls is consistently too high.

The heart has to work harder to pump blood.

Question 11

What do these BP measures signify?

Answer 11

Normal blood pressure:
120/80 mm Hg or lower

Elevated blood pressure:
121 - 129/80 mm Hg

Stage 1 hypertension:
130 - 139 mm Hg/80 - 89 mm Hg

Stage 2 hypertension:
140 mm Hg or higher/90 mm Hg or higher.

Question 12

MET (metabolic equivalent of task)

Answer 12

A measure of the absolute intensity of a variety of physical activities

1 MET is a unit of resting oxygen uptake (≈3.5 mL of O2 per kg of body weight per minute [mL · kg−1 · min−1])

Light PA requires 3 METs, moderate 3–6 METs, and vigorous 6 METs.

Question 13

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Answer 13

a measure of the heart’s ability to pump oxygenated blood out to the body.

Normal range: 50% - 70%

A low EF means person is at risk for heart failure.

EV = SV/EDV

Question 14

Stroke Volume

Answer 14

EDV - ESV

Question 15

Dyslipidemia

Answer 15

abnormal levels of lipids—such as cholesterol and triglycerides— in the blood.

Question 16

Cholesterol

Answer 16

Blood cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance (lipid) made by the liver that is essential for good health.

The body makes all the blood cholesterol it needs, which is why experts recommend that people eat as little dietary cholesterol as possible while on a healthy eating plan.

Question 17

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer 17

so called “good” cholesterol

Question 18

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Answer 18

so called “bad” cholesterol

Question 19

Triglyceride

Answer 19

a type of fat in the blood that the body uses for energy; components of fats and oils

High triglyceride levels = >150 mg/dl

Levels >500 mg/dl are considered dangerously high

Question 20

Optimal Cholesterol Levels

Answer 20

Total cholesterol: 150 mg/dL

LDL (“bad”) cholesterol: 100 mg/dL

HDL (“good”) cholesterol: At least 40 mg/dL in men and 50 mg/dL in women

Triglycerides: <150 mg/dL

Question 21

Why is Visceral Fat Dangerous?

Answer 21

higher LDL level

harder on joints

increases insulin resistance

fat releases cortisol and other stress hormones

causes inflammation

Question 22

What Drives Chronic Disease?

Answer 22

inflammation

oxidative stress

Question 23

Inflammation

Answer 23

a process by which the body’s white blood cells and the things they make protect the body from infection from outside invaders, such as bacteria and viruses

Question 24

oxidative stress

Answer 24

occurs when there is an imbalance between the body’s antioxidant defenses and the production of free radicals, which can potentially damage cells.