knee (ligaments and major muscle groups)

Question 1

Name the ligaments and meniscus in clockwise order, starting from upper left corner

Answer 1

Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus
Lateral collateral ligament

Question 2

Which ligament does the posteolateral and anteromedial bundle belong to?

Answer 2

Anterio cruciate ligament

Question 3

Name the three major muscle groups

Answer 3

1. Hamstring (3)
2. Quadriceps (4)
3. Calf (3)

Question 4

Given that below shows the superficial quadriceps muscle, name the muscle parts from top to bottom

Answer 4

Vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis

Question 5

Given that below shows the deep quadriceps muscle, name the muscle parts from top to bottom

Answer 5

Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis

Question 6

List the muscle parts in the hamstring muscles

Answer 6

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus muscle
Semitendinosus muscle

Question 7

Name the longest muscle in the body

Answer 7

Sartorius

Question 8

Which two muscle parts are responsible for knee flexion?

Answer 8

Sartorius and Gracilis

Question 9

Name the three calf muscles

Answer 9

Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Popliteus

Question 10

Function of popliteus

Answer 10

Initiates knee flexion
Main posteo-lateral and internal rotation stabilizer

Question 11

Function of soleus

Answer 11

Plantar flex

Question 12

Function of Gastrocnemius

Answer 12

Plantar flex, knee flex

Question 13

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 13

Degenerative joint disease (any joint)
Degeneration of articular/hyaline cartilage and bone underneath (subchondral bone)

Question 14

Causes of osteoarthiritis

Answer 14

Mechanical stress + inability to regenerate
- mechanical injury
- excess body weight
- loss of muscle strength supporting a joint

Question 15

Define osteopenia

Answer 15

Decrease in bone mineral density (BMD)

Question 16

T score for osteopenia

Answer 16

-1 to -2.5 SD

Question 17

Ovarian hormones

Answer 17

Hypothesis: ovarian hormones may affect mechanical properties of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Already confirmed in the bone

Estrogen is secreted by sacs that contain eggs called follicles. It stimulates growth and thickening of the endometrium (lining of uterus)

Peak estrogen levels trigger the brain to release LH and FSH. Then ovulation occurs and the egg is released.

Progesterone prepares endometrium for pregnancy and triggers thickening to accept fertilized egg