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Limbs anatomy > knee, leg, ankle and foot > Flashcards

knee, leg, ankle and foot Flashcards

1
Q

describe the patella

A
  • largest sesamoid bone –> in quadriceps femoris muscle
  • apex points inferiorly
  • broad thick base
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2
Q

what are the attachments of the patella?

A
  • apex: patella ligament
  • base: quadriceps femoris
  • posterior surface: femur
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3
Q

how do you determine which side it is from?

A

when placed with its auricular surface down, it will always fall onto its lateral side

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4
Q

what does the distal end of the fibula expand to form?

A

lateral malleolus

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5
Q

what can be found on the posterior surface of the lateral malleollus?

A

shallow groove for tendons of fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

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6
Q

what is on the lateral surface of the head?

A

large impression for attachment of biceps femoris

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7
Q

which muscles attach to the fibula surfaces?

A

medial surface faces ant compartment, lateral surface faces lateral compartment, posterior surface faces posterior compartment

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8
Q

what do the medial and lateral condyles on the tibia articulate with?

A

Medial - medial condyle of femur

Lateral - lateral condyle of femur

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9
Q

what does the intercondylar region contain?

A

sites of attachment for cruciate ligaments and menisci of knee joint

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10
Q

when the intercondylar region narrows centrally, what does it form?

A

raised to form intercondylar eminence

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11
Q

what are the sides of the intercondylar eminence elevated further to form?

A

medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles

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12
Q

what does the distal end of the tibia form?

A

medial malleolus

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13
Q

what marks the posterior surface of the tibia?

A

oblique line

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14
Q

what are the proximal tarsal bones?

A 
talus
calcaneus (heel, has groove for flexor halluces longus)
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15
Q

what are the distal tarsal bones?

A

cuboid, cuneiforms (3)

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16
Q

what is the intermediate tarsal bone?

A

navicular

on medial side of foot

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17
Q

what can be found in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe?

A
  • pair of sesamoid bones (in tendons of flexor hallucis brevis)
  • bear the most weight when you stand on the tips of your toes
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18
Q

What marks the hind foot? what is in it?

A
  • transverse tarsal line

- contains calcaneus, talus

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19
Q

what marks the midfoot? What does it contain?

A
  • tarsometatarsal line

- cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms

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20
Q

what is contained within forefoot?

A

metatarsals, phalanges

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21
Q

what is the leg divided into compartments by?

A
  • interosseous membrane
  • 2 intermuscular septa
  • direct attachment od deep fascia to periosteum of tibia
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22
Q

what do muscles in the ant compartment of the leg do?

A
  • ankle dorsiflexors

- extend toes

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23
Q

what nerve innervates the ant compartment? What blood vessel?

A

deep peroneal nerve

anterior tibial artery

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24
Q

what muscles are in the ant compartment of leg?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor digitorium longus
  • extensor hallucis longus
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25
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the tibialis anterior?

A

Prox: lateral border of tibia from just below lateral condyle and half shaft
Distal: tendon into medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal

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26
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the extensor digitorium longus?

A

Prox: from fibular head down medial border of fibular shaft
Distal: distal phalanges to 2-5 toes

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27
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

Prox: distal lateral border of tibia
Distal: distal phalanx of great toe

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28
Q

what is the function of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

everters of foot

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29
Q

what nerve innervates the lateral compartment? What blood vessel?

A

superficial peroneal nerve

peroneal artery

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30
Q

what muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A
  • peroneus longus

- peroneus brevis

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31
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the peroneus longus?

A

Prox: lateral edge of head and proximal shaft of fibula

Inserts at first metatarsal and cuneiforms

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32
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the peroneus brevis?

A

Prox: midportion of shaft of fibula
Distal: base of 5th metatarsal

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33
Q

What do the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg do?

A

plantarflexors of ankle

flex toes

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34
Q

What innervates the muscles in the post compartment? blood supply?

A

tibial nerve

posterior tibial artery

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35
Q

What are the superficial posterior muscles?

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • plantaris
  • soleus
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36
Q

describe gastrocnemius and its attachments

A

has a medial and lateral head
medial head prox attachment at medial supracondylar line of femur
lateral head prox attachment at lateral supracondylar line of femur

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37
Q

what do the medial and lateral heads of the gastocnemius fuse to form?

A 
calcaneal tendon (Achilles')
inserts into calcaneus (heel)
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38
Q

what are the prox and distal attachments of soleus?

A

Prox: fibular head and lateral border of prox fibula and prox tibia
Distal: calcaneal tendon

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39
Q

when the soleus and gastrocnemius fuse what is it called?

A

triceps surae

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40
Q

what muscles are in the deep group of posterior compartment?

A
  • popliteus
  • felxor hallucis longus
  • felxor digitorum longus
  • tibialis posterior
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41
Q

In general where do the deep muscles in the posterior compartment act?

A
  • popliteus acts on knee

- other 3 mainly on foot

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42
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of popliteus?

A

Prox: posterior lateral epicondyle
Distal: posterior soleal line of tibia

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43
Q

what does the popliteus do?

A

stabilised knee

involved in unlocking knee when fully extended

44
Q

What does tibialis posterior?do?

A

main deep muscles involved in balance

45
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of tibialis posterior?

A

prox: inner posterior borders of tibia and fibula
Distal: calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, 2/3/4 metatarsals

46
Q

what does flexor digitorum longus do?

A

flexes lateral 4 toes

47
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of flexor digitorum longus?

A

Prox: posterior shaft of tibia

tendon passes behind medial malleolus, divides into 4 tendons –> goes to 2-5 distal phalanges

48
Q

what does flexor hallucis longus do?

A

flexes great toe

49
Q

What are the prox and distal attachments of FHL?

A

Prox: lateral border of distal 2/3rds of shaft of tibia

Tendon passes behind medial malleolus and goes to distal phalanx of great toe

50
Q

what is the main function of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A
  • shock absorbers
  • adjust the foot to uneven surfaces
  • can be trained to carry out fine movements
51
Q

What is found in the sole?

A
  • 4 layers of muscles

- lumbricals and interossi

52
Q

what innervates the sole?

A

tibial nerve

53
Q

what 2 muscles are found in the dorsum?

A
  • extensor hallucis brevis

- extensor digitorium brevis

54
Q

What innervates the extensor hallucis brevis?

A

common peroneal nerve

55
Q

What are the prox and distal attachments of extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Prox: calcaneus anterior surface
Distal: proximal phalanx of great toe

56
Q

What are the prox and distal attachments of extensor digitorium brevis?

A

prox: attachment to anterior surface of calcaneus
Distal: distal phalanx of digits 2-4

57
Q

what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • biceps femoris laterally
  • semimembranosus medially
  • lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius
58
Q

what are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • popliteal artery and vein
  • tibial and common peroneal nerve
  • short saphenous vein
  • popliteal lymph nodes
59
Q

describe the knee joint

A
  • largest joint

- hinge synovial

60
Q

what movements does the knee joint allow?

A

gliding, rolling, rotation

61
Q

what 4 ligaments are associated with the knee joint?

A
  • anterior cruciate ligament
  • posterior cruciate ligament
  • lateral collateral ligament
  • medial collateral ligament
62
Q

what are menisci?

A
  • ligamentous structures
  • protect and cushion the joint surface
  • lateral and medial
63
Q

describe the extensor mechanism

A

quadriceps via tendon to patellar ligament to tuberosity

64
Q

what are bursae? Which ones are near the knee?

A
  • fluid filled sac
  • provides a cushion
  • subcutaneous pre-patellar bursa
  • subtendinous prepatellar bursa
  • popliteal bursa
65
Q

what is bursitis?

A

inflammation/swelling of bursa

can be painful

66
Q

describe proximal tibio-fibular joints

A

plane type synovial

capsular ligaments limit movement

67
Q

describe distal tibio-fibular joints

A
  • fibrous joints

- very restrictive movement

68
Q

describe the ankle joint

A
  • articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage

- synovial joint

69
Q

what stabilises the ankle joint?

A

medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments

70
Q

what actions does the ankle joint allow?

A

hinge-like dorsiflexion

planterflexion of foot

71
Q

what are the collateral ligaments of the ankle joint? When are they damaged?

A
  • ant/post tibiotalar, tibionavicular

- damaged in over-inversion = sprained ankle

72
Q

what is the subtalar joint?

A
  • b/ inferior part of talus and superior posterior part of calcaneus
73
Q

what movements does the subtalar joint allow?

A

gliding and rotation in inversion and eversion of foot

74
Q

what are the midtarsal joints?

A

talo-calcaneonavicular joint

inversion and eversion of foot

75
Q

what are interphalangeal joints?

A

hinge joints
allow flexion and extension
reinforced by medial and lateral collateral ligaments/plantar ligaments

76
Q

what are the main arches of the foot?

A

medial and lateral longitudinal arch

transverse metatarsal arch

77
Q

explain how the external iliac becomes the popliteal artery?

A

external iliac > femoral > superficial femoral artery > popliteal artery

78
Q

what does the popliteal divide into?

A 
anterior and posterior tibial (ant and post compartments)
Peroneal artery (lateral)
79
Q

how many genicular (knee) branches does the popliteal have?

A

3

80
Q

how does the posterior tibial artery supply the sole of the foot?

A

via medial and lateral plantar arteries

81
Q

what does the anterior tibial artery become?

A

dorsalis pedis artery

supplies dorsum and digits

82
Q

what are the 2 major branches of the posterior tibial?

A

circumflex fibular artery

fibular artery

83
Q

what are the superficial veins?

A
  • dorsal venous arch
  • long saphenous vein
  • short saphenous vein
  • perforating veins to deep systems
84
Q

what are the deep veins/

A

follow arteries

popliteal > femoral > venae comintantes of profunda femoris > external iliac

85
Q

what is the motor segmental supply to the hip flexors?

A

L2/3

86
Q

what is the motor segmental supply to the hip extensors?

A

L3/4

87
Q

what is the motor segmental supply to the knee extensors?

A

L4/5

88
Q

what is the motor segmental supply to the knee flexors?

A

L5, S1

89
Q

what is the motor segmental supply to the ankle dorsiflexors?

A

L4,5

90
Q

what is the motor segmental supply to the ankle plantar flexors?

A

S1,2

91
Q

what is the sensory segmental supply to the knee?

A

L3

92
Q

what is the sensory segmental supply to the floor?

A

L4

93
Q

what is the sensory segmental supply to the great toe?

A

L5

94
Q

what is the sensory segmental supply to the lateral and sole of foot?

A

S1

95
Q

what does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

anterior thigh

knee extensors

96
Q

what does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

posterior compartment of thigh

97
Q

what does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

posterior compartment of leg and foot intrinsics

98
Q

in the leg, what does the tibial nerve give rise to?

A
  • branches that supply post compartment

- 2 cutaneous branches: sural and medial calcaneal nerve

99
Q

what does the sural nerve supply?

A

supplies skin on lower posterolateral surface of leg, lateral side of foot, little toe

100
Q

what does the medial calcaneal nerve innervate?

A

skin on medial surface and sole of heel

101
Q

what does the common peroneal nerve innervate?

A

ant and lateral compartments of leg

originated from sciatic nerve in popliteal fossa

102
Q

what 2 cutaneous branches does the common peroneal nerve give off?

A

sural communicating nerve

lateral sural cuataneous nerve

103
Q

what does the sural communicating nerve innervate?

A

skin over lower posterolateral side of leg

104
Q

what does the lateral sural cutaneous nerve innervate?

A

skin over upper lateral leg

105
Q

what happes when the common peroneal nerve winds around the neck of the fibula?

A

gives off a deep peroneal nerve (ant compartment) and superficial peroneal nerve (lateral compartment)

Limbs anatomy (7 decks)

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