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Limbs anatomy > Forearm and wrist > Flashcards

Forearm and wrist Flashcards

1
Q

what is the medial epicondyle?

A
  • on humerus
  • point of attachment for flexors
  • where ulnar nerve passes
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2
Q

what is the lateral epicondyle?

A
  • on humerus

- point of attachment for extensors and aconeus

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3
Q

what is the radial tuberosity?

A

point of attachment for biceps tendon

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4
Q

what can be found on the radius distally?

A

styloid process and articular surface for carpal bones

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5
Q

how is the radius connected to the ulna?

A

by a interosseus membrane

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6
Q

what is special about the pisiform?

A

sesamoid bone

bone embedded within a tendon or muscle

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7
Q

what processes can be found on the head of the ulna?

A
  • olecranon posteriorly

- coronoid anteriorly

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8
Q

what does the olecranon articulate with?

A
  • olecranon fossa of humerus

- has a trochlear notch for the trochlea of the humerus

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9
Q

what is the distal styloid process of the ulna?

A

articular surface for the attachment of the radius and carpal bones

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10
Q

what are the forearm muscles categorised into?

A

flexors and pronators - anteriorly

extensors and supinators - posterioly

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11
Q

what is the common origin of the muscles in the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

common flexor tendon

on medial epicondyle of humerus

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12
Q

what are the muscles in the superficial anterior compartment of forearm?

A
  • pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
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13
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachment sites of the pronator teres?

A

proximal: common flexor tendon, ulnar head
distal: midpoint of radius

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14
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachment of the FCR?

A

Proximal: common flexor tendon
Distal: proximal head of metacarpal of index finger

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15
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachment of FCU?

A

proximal: common flexor tendon, ulnar head, middle third of radius
distal: metacarpals of middle 3 fingers

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16
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the palmaris longus?

A

proximal: common flexor tendon
distal: metacarpals of middle 3 fingers

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17
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

proximal: common flexor tendon, ulnar head, middle third of radius
distal: 2nd phalanges of 4 fingers

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18
Q

what are the muscles in the deep anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

flexor digitorium profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus

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19
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the FDP?

A

proximal: proximal 2/3rds of ulna
distal: most distal phalanges of 4 fingers

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20
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the FPL?

A

proximal: middle third of radius
distal: distal phalanx of thumb

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21
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the PQ?

A

proximal: distal part of ulna
distal: distal part of radius

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22
Q

what is a retinaculum?

A

thickened ligament that holds down tendons so they don’t bow

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23
Q

what is the flexor retinaculum also known as?

A

transverse carpal ligament

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24
Q

how is the extensor retinaculum different to the flexor retinaculum?

A

lot thinner

has to cover fewer tendons

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25
Q

what are the extensor muscles that move the wrist?

A
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
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26
Q

what are the extensor muscles that move the digits?

A
  • extensor digitorium
  • extensor indicis
  • extensor digiti minimi
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27
Q

what are the extensor muscles that move the thumb?

A
  • abductor pollicis longus
  • extensor pollicis brevis
  • extensor pollicis longus
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28
Q

what is the boundaries of the snuffbox?

A

demarcated by tendons of EPL in ulnar direction

EPB and APL in radial direction

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29
Q

describe the elbow joint

A
  • articulation of radius with the capitulum of the humerus
  • ulnar olecranon process with its fossa
  • coronoid process with fossa around the trochlea of humerus
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30
Q

what is the elbow joint stabilised by?

A

radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

annular ligaments of radius - also allow pronation/supination

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31
Q

what stabilised the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

A

annular ligament of radius

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32
Q

what is the effect of the pronator teres on the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

A

acts across this joint to turn head of radius about ulna

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33
Q

what is the effect of the pronator quadratus on the distal radio-ulnar joint?

A

acts across it to bring the head of the radius up and over the ulna to pronate the hand

34
Q

why does the ulna not articulate with the triquetrium?

A

articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint interferes

35
Q

what stabilised the wrist joint?

A

radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

36
Q

what nerves innervate elbow flexion?

A

C5, C6

37
Q

which muscles are involved in elbow flexion?

A

biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis
pronator teres

38
Q

what nerves innervate elbow extension?

A

C6, C7

39
Q

which muscles are involved in elbow extension?

A

triceps

anconeus

40
Q

which muscles are involved in wrist pronation?

A 
pronator teres
pronator quadratus
Flexion carpi radialis
Pollicis longus
brachioradialis
41
Q

which muscles are involved in wrist supination?

A

supinator
biceps
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

42
Q

which muscles are involved in wrist flexion?

A 
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor carpi radialis
pollicis longus
abduction pollicis longus
long flexors of thumb and fingers
43
Q

which muscles are involved in wrist extension?

A

extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi ulnaris
long extensors of thumb and fingers

44
Q

which muscles are involved in wrist abduction?

A

extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
flexor carpi radialis
abduction pollicis longus

45
Q

which muscles are involved in wrist adduction?

A

extensor carpi ulnaris

flexor carpi ulnaris

46
Q

when the subclavian artery passes over the first rib, what does it become?

A

Axillary artery

47
Q

what does the axillary artery become below the teres major? what does it also give up?

A

brachial artery

also gives off profunda brachii

48
Q

what does the brachial artery split into at the elbow?

A

ulnar and radial arteries

49
Q

what can the brachial artery also give rise to?

A

superior and inferior collateral ulnar arteries

these join the recurrent ulnar arteries around the elbow

50
Q

what does the profunda brachii give rise to?

A

medial collateral artery

51
Q

what does the medial collateral artery anastomose with?

A

anastomoses with interosseus recurrent artery which is a branch of the posterior interosseous artery behind elbow joint

52
Q

what does the ulnar artery give off?

A

common interosseous branch

this immediately splits into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries

53
Q

what are the arches of the hand formed by?

A

they are anastomoses of the radial and ulnar arteries

54
Q

what helps to form the dorsal carpal arch?

A

anterior and posterior interoseous arteries join on the dorsal side of the hand

55
Q

what is the cubital fossa?

A

triangle anterior to elbow joint

56
Q

what are the borders of the cubital fossa?

A

medial border: lateral border of pronator teres
lateral border: medial border of brachioradialis
line b/ epicondyles

57
Q

what does the cubital fossa contain?

A

radial nerve,
biceps tendon,
brachial artery,
median nerve

58
Q

where does the cephalic (superficial) vein run?

A

runs up lateral border of arm

59
Q

where does the basilic (deep) vein run?

A

medial border of arm

60
Q

how is the axillary vein formed?

A

basilic vein joins venae commitantes to form the axillary vein

61
Q

how does the cephalic join the basilic?

A

via medial cubital vein (not always present)

or joins at axillary vein in axilla

62
Q

what does the superficial venous palmar arch give rise to?

A

perforating veins of the forearm
some of these join cephalic vein
some form the median vein of the forearm

63
Q

describe the deep drainage of the arm

A

follows the arteries

64
Q

what does the deep palmar arch give rise to?

A

ulnar and radial veins
anterior interosseous vein
these are the venae comitantes

65
Q

what does the dorsal venous network give rise to?

A

some of the radial veins

posterior interosseous veins

66
Q

where do superficial and deep lymphatics run?

A

with veins

67
Q

which lymph nodes drain most of the forearm and hand?

A

cubital lymph nodes

68
Q

which nodes drain the distal parts of the upper limb?

A

axillary nodes

69
Q

what spinal segments make up the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5,6,7

70
Q

what does the musculocutaneous nerve give motor supply to?

A

anterior compartment of arm

71
Q

what does the musculocutaneous give sensory supply to?

A

lateral part of forearm

72
Q

what spinal segments make up the radial nerve?

A

C5,6,7,8 T1

73
Q

what does the radial nerve supply?

A

main supply to posterior compartment of arm and forearm

supplies triceps

74
Q

what does the radial nerve divide into just above the elbow?

A

deep posterior interosseous nerve (motor)

superficial radial nerve (sensory)

75
Q

what spinal segments make up the median nerve?

A

C6,7,8 T1

76
Q

what does the median nerve supply?

A

main motor supply to muscles of forearm

77
Q

in what places is the median nerve easily damaged?

A
  • distal part of humerus as it passes the medial supracondylar ridges
  • passes near head of scaphoid which is very weak
78
Q

what spinal segments make up the ulnar nerve?

A

C8, T1

79
Q

what does the ulnar nerve supply?

A

main supply to muscles of the hand

supplies only FCU, ulnar half of FDP

80
Q

At what point is the ulnar nerve vulnerable to damage?

A

as it courses around the posterior part of medial epicondyle

Limbs anatomy (7 decks)

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