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Ortho LL > Knee Anatomy And Biomechanics > Flashcards

Knee Anatomy And Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the joints of the knee complex

A

Tibiofemoral joint

Patellofemoral joint

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2
Q

Which joint is referred to as the “knee joint”?

A

Tibiofemoral joint

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3
Q

The proximal and distal components of the Tibiofemoral joint ?

A

Proximal component: convex femoral condyles

Distal component: concave superior surface of the tibial plateau

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4
Q

What is the joint type of Tibiofemoral joint

A

Hinge joint : convex on concave

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5
Q

Motions of the Tibiofemoral joint and its degree of freedom DOF?

A

DOF = 2

Flexion
Extension
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation

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6
Q

Resting position of Tibiofemoral joint and closed pack position ?

A

Resting position : 20 ° flexion

Closed packed position: full extension and lateral rotation

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7
Q

Capsular pattern of Tibiofemoral joint

A

Flexion > extension

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8
Q

Proximal and distal components of the patellofemoral joint

A

Proximal : convex femoral condyles

Distal: 5 concave facets of the patella

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9
Q

Joint type of patellofemoral joint

A

Modified plane joint

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10
Q

Motions of the patellofemoral joint and its degree of freedom

A

DOF = 2

Inferior glide with knee flexion
Superior glide with knee extension
Medial tilt
Lateral tilt

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11
Q

The patella is the largest ______________ bone

A

Sesamoid

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12
Q

How many facets does the patella have ?

A

5 facets

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13
Q

Describe the patella’s shape

A

The Patella is an upside down triangle with its apex directed inferiorly

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14
Q

The patella articulates superiorly with what structure ?

A

The Trochlea (distal articulating surface of femur)

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15
Q

Understand patellar contact points during knee motion

A
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16
Q

Explain the role and importance of the patellar compression force

  • where does the compression force occur exactly?
A
  • critical in providing the LAST 30 ° of knee extension (LEVERAGE)
  • occurs at quadriceps tendon attachment site
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17
Q

The patellar compression force increases with which motion?

A

Knee flexion

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18
Q

Compare the patellar compression force during different functional activities .

A

(Look at picture)
Notice that it is higher in squatting than walking due to more knee flexion

19
Q

Describe the shape and mobility of the menisci and how well is their blood supply

A
20
Q

What are the functions of the menisci ?

A
21
Q

What happens if the menisci were removed ?

A
  • increase stress on cartilage of tibia
  • change the size and location of Tibiofemoral contact area
22
Q

Characteristics of cruciate ligaments

A
23
Q

Which is thicker ; PCL or ACL ?

A

PCL is 50% thicker than the ACL

24
Q

Functions of the anterior cruciate ligament
(Hint: 4)

A
25
Q

Functions of the posterior cruciate ligament

A
26
Q

What are the collateral ligaments of the knee joint

A

Lateral collateral ligament
Medial collateral ligament

27
Q

Who are the knee extensors

A

Quadriceps femoris :

  • Rectus femoris
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus intermedius
28
Q

Which muscle of the quadriceps femoris is a two joint muscle?

What is its functions

A

Rectus femoris

  • knee extensor
  • hip flexor
29
Q

Vastus medialis has two distinct parts

A

Vastus medialis longus (VML)
Vastus medialis oblique (VMO)

(NOTE: why? Probably due to clinical significance as VMO is larger, horizontal fibers, more effect on preventing patellar displacement, less effect for knee extension)

30
Q

What are the knee flexors

A
31
Q

Which knee flexors are two-joint muscles

A

The hamstrings :
- biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus
- semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius

32
Q

What muscles are medial tibial rotators (at 90 ° of knee flexion)

A

Popliteus
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

33
Q

What muscles are lateral tibial rotators ( at 90 ° of knee flexion)

A

Biceps femoris

34
Q

What muscles are a part of the Pes Anserinus complex (Goosefoot)

A
35
Q

A bursa is located interior to the conjoined tendons of the pes anserinus ; what is it called ?

A

Pes Anserine Bursa

36
Q

What joints are involved in knee flexion and extension ?

A

Tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral

37
Q

What plane is knee flexion and extension and what is its axis of rotation

A

Sagittal plane

38
Q

Arthokinematics of knee flexion

A

Posterior rolling and anterior gliding of femur on the tibia

Inferior glide of patella on femur

39
Q

Arthrokinematics of knee extension

A

Anterior rolling and posterior gliding of femur on tibia

Superior glide of patella on femur

40
Q

What is meant by screw-home mechanism

A

Basically:
- during knee extension , tibial external rotation is needed to lock the knee
- in order to flex the knee, we must first unlock it by performing tibial internal rotation then we may flex the knee

41
Q

What is Q angle ?

A

Quadriceps angle

The angle formed by the line of pull of the quadriceps (from ASIS to midpoint patella) and the line representing patellar tendon

42
Q

Normal value for Q angle

A

Should fall between 12 ° - 20 °

On average:
- Male: 13 °
- Female: 18 °

43
Q

Factors affecting stability of the Tibiofemoral joint

A

Bony configuration

Tension of the ligaments or other connective tissues

Passive tension of muscles
- Quad
- Hams
- Pes anserine

44
Q

Factors affecting patella stability

A

Ortho LL (3 decks)

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