Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EPHE 344 > Knee > Flashcards

Knee Flashcards

1
Q

what type of joint is the knee

A

modified hinge joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

largest joint in the body

–> very exposed and at high risk of injury

A

the knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bony stability is sacrificed for?

it is highly dependent on?

A

mobility

capsule, & surrounding muscles and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 important functions of the patella

A

protects the femur &

increases effective power of the quadriceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 primary joints of the knee and there type

A
  • tibiofemoral (modified hinge joint)

- patellofemoral (planar joint)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what joint is capable of rotation at end range extension

A

tibiofemoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

4 ligaments of the knee

A
  • anterior and posterior cruciate

- medial and lateral collateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 functions of the meniscus

A

1) Stabilize joint by deepening the articulation
2) Shock absorption
3) Provide lubrication and nourishment
4) Improve weight distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fibrocartilaginous discs attached to tibial plateaus

- relatively poor blood supply

A

meniscus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

movements of the knee require?

A

flexion
extension
rotation
arthokinematic motions of rolling and gliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the “screw home mechanism” refers to?

A

the rotational components of the knee

–> As the knee extends it externally rotates because the medial femoral condyle is larger than the lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the rotational component of the knee provides increased?

A

stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what “unlocks” the knee allowing it to flex

A

popliteus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

capsular ligaments are tight when? and relaxed when?

-this allows what to occure?

A

in extension, in flexion

- rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

deeper capsule ligaments remain ? to keep ? in check

A

tight, rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

prevents excessive internal rotation, limits anterior translation and posterior translation when tibia is fixed and non-weight bearing, respectively

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tops excessive internal rotation, stabilizes the knee in full extension and prevents hyperextension

A

anterior cruciate ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the primary mover of flexion is ? (1) assisted by? (4)

A
  • hamstrings

- popliteus, gastrocs, gracilis, sartorius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the primary mover of extension is?

A

-quads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what joint is involved in flexion and extension

A

tibiofemoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what joint is involved in compression during walking (50% of body weight–increases with stair climbing)

A

patellofemoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

4 techniques to prevent knee injuries

A

1) physical conditioning
- -> strength
- –> balance between quads and hamies
- –>
2) footwear
3) appropriate equipment; prophylactic bracing
4) decreasing the risk of ACL injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

techniques to prevent ACL injury

A
  • focus on strength, neuromuscular control, balance
  • Series of different programs which address balance board training, landing strategies, plyometric training, and single leg performance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

common acute knee injuries (6)

A
  • Ligamentous sprains
  • Muscular strains
  • Contusions
  • Meniscal tears
  • Patellar dislocation
  • Fractures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

common chronic knee conditions (3)

A
  • Patello-femoral pain syndrome (PFPS)
  • Bursitis Patellar tendonitis
  • Osgood Schlatter’s disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

-No tearing; no laxity; mild stretching
- Minimal swelling; few limitations.
(what grade of sprain? )

A

grade 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

management of grade 1 sprain

A
  • Rest from sport 7-10 days
  • RICE
  • Therapeutic modalities
  • ROM & strengthening exercises
  • Balance and proprioception exercises
  • Maintain cardiorespiratory fitness
  • Tape for support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

-Moderate damage with partial tearing
- Some joint laxity present, but solid endfeel noted
- Slight swelling and increased pain
- Moderate to severe joint tightness;
- decreased ROM
(what grade of sprain)

A

grade 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

management of grade 2 sprain (5)

A
  • RICE 48-72 hours; crutch use during acute phase
  • Rest from sport 2-4 weeks
  • May brace prior to initiation of ROM exercises
  • Gradual progression from isometric exercises to CKC & functional progression activities.
  • Maintain/regain CV conditioning/balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

-Complete tear of supporting ligaments
-Complete loss of stability during motion
-Loss of motion due to effusion & guarding
- Immediate pain that builds as swelling increases
- No ligamentous end feel at passive end range
(what grade of sprain)

A

grade 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

management of grade 3 sprain (5)

A
  • RICE
  • Conservative vs. surgical approach
  • Limited immobilization with a brace
  • Progressive weight bearing and increase ROM over 4-6 wks
  • Progress as per 1st and 2nd degree sprains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Result of blow from lateral side causing tension on medial knee (valgus force)

A

Medial collateral ligament sprain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Swelling & pain dependent on severity and Pain on medial aspect of knee

A

Medial collateral ligament sprain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Result of a varus force, generally w/ the tibia internally rotated

A

lateral collateral ligament sprain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

if a LCL sprain is severe enough damage can also occur to the(3) ? producing ?

A

cruciate ligaments, ITB and meniscus

-bony fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • Pain, tenderness & swelling lateral joint line over LCL
  • May cause irritation of peroneal nerve
A

lateral colateral ligament sprain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

LCL sprain can cause irritation to what nerve?

A

peroneal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • varus force is coming from what side?

- valgus in coming from what side?

A
  • hits medial going lateral

- hits lateral going medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

% of ACL sprains that are a result of non contact

A

80%

40
Q

MOI of an ACL a sprain (6)

A

1) deceleration
2) hyperextension
3) unhappy triad
4) anterior force to the tibia with knee flexed to 90 degrees
5) internal rotation of leg with body in external rotation
6) leg external roation with valgus force (cutting)

41
Q

females are 3-5 times more likely to suffer a ?

-reasons? (3)

A

ACL injury

  • hormonal influences (estrogen makes ligament elastic)
  • anatomical (women generally have a slightly smaller ACL and intercondylar notch)
  • neuromuscular risk factors (core stability, strength, proprioception or intermuscular coordination and rate of firing)
42
Q
  • Experience pop w/ severe pain and disability
  • Sudden ‘giving way’ and inability to WB
  • Positive special tests (anterior drawer and Lachman’s)
  • Rapid swelling at the joint line peaking 24-48hrs after
A

ACL sprain

43
Q

most at risk for a PCL sprain at what angle?

A

90 degrees

44
Q
  • Fall on bent knee/AP force is most common mechanism -Can also be damaged as a result of a rotational force
  • Sometimes referred to as a “dashboard injury”
A

PCL sprain

45
Q

what is sometimes referred to as a dashboard injury??

A

PCL sprain

46
Q

differences signs and symptoms of PCL sprain than ACL sprain

A

swelling is less and there is generally very little instability it he most cases

47
Q

Posterior drawer test for the Knee is positive.

- “Sag sign” is generally present

A

PCL sprain

48
Q

management of PCL sprain (2)

A

-Quad strengthening -Surgical vs. non operative (no surgery for this one)

49
Q

what menisci is more commonly injured?

-why?

A

medial

  • MCL attachment (“triad”)
  • Decreased mobility
50
Q

most common MOI for meniscal injury?

A

rotary force with knee flexed or extended

51
Q

4 types of meniscus tears?

A

1) longitudinal (bucket handle, edges lift up)
2) oblique
3) transverse
4) triad

52
Q

the triad includes

A

MCL, ACL, medial menisci

53
Q

two signs of a menisci tear:

A
  • the joint gets stuck in a position

- giving way sensation

54
Q
  • Effusion developing over 48-72 hour period
  • Joint line pain and loss of motion (due to tear and swelling)
  • Intermittent locking and giving way
  • Pain w/ squatting
  • Portions may become detached causing locking, giving way or catching w/in the joint
  • If chronic, recurrent swelling or muscle atrophy may occur
A

meniscal injury (tear)

55
Q

management of meniscal injury (2)

A

-RICE
- protect- splint crutches
(If the knee is not locked, but indications of a tear are present further diagnostic testing may be required)

56
Q

If locking occurs, ? may be necessary to unlock the joint w/ possible arthroscopic surgery follow-up

A

anesthesia

57
Q
  • Deceleration w/ simultaneous cutting in opposite direction (valgus force at knee)
  • Direct blow to patella when knee is flexed and planted
  • quad pulls the patella out of alignment
A

patellar dislocation

58
Q

some individuals are predisposed to patellar dislocation because?

A

have an increased Q angle

59
Q
  • Repetitive subluxation will stress medial restraints
  • Women more prone
  • Usually dislocates laterally
A

patellar dislocation

60
Q

the patella usually dislocates which direction?

A

laterally

61
Q
  • Pain and swelling, restricted ROM, palpable tenderness over adductor tubercle
  • Results in total loss of function
A

patellar dislocation

62
Q

management of patellar dislocation (3)

A
  • Immobilize, RICE, immediate medical attention (leave it alone, yourself)
  • Immobilization 4-6 weeks with crutches
  • Muscular strengthening
63
Q
  • Direct or indirect trauma (severe pull of tendon)

- Semi-flexed position with forcible contraction (falling, jumping or running

A

patellar fracture

64
Q
  • Hemorrhaging and joint effusion w/ generalized swelling
  • Pain, disability, & potential deformity
  • Indirect fractures may cause capsular tearing, separation of bone fragments and possible quadriceps tendon tearing
A

patella fracture

65
Q

Indirect fractures of the patella may cause? (3)

A
  • capsular tearing,
  • separation of bone fragments
  • possible quadriceps tendon tearing
66
Q

management of patellar fracture

A
  • X-ray necessary for confirmation of findings
  • RICE and splinting if fracture suspected
  • Refer and immobilize for 2-3 months
67
Q
  • An apophysitis occurring at the tibial tubercle

- Traction injury; repetitive stress from quad contractions associated with bony immaturity

A

Osgoode-Schlatter’s Disease

68
Q

Osgoode-Schlatter’s Disease usually occurs in what population?

A

teenagers

69
Q
  • Swelling, point tender at tuberosity, enlarged & deformed tuberosity
  • Pain w/ kneeling, jumping and running
A

Osgoode-Schlatter’s Disease

70
Q

management of Osgoode-Schlatter’s Disease (2)

A
  • Rice, activity modification, Cho-Pat brace

- Isometrics for quadriceps and hamstrings

71
Q

Larsen Johansson Syndrome is an adolescent apophysis injury that involves the ? at the attachment on the ?

A
  • patellar tendon

- inferior pole of the patella

72
Q
  • Joint aggravation on underside of patella or femoral condyles due to flexion/extension stresses
  • Patella isnt sitting properly within the condyles
  • Result of lateral deviation of patella while tracking in femoral groove
A

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

73
Q

4 causes of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

A

1) tight structures
2) pronation
3) increased Q angle
4) insufficient medial musculature

74
Q
  • Tenderness of medial facet during running, jumping, squatting, stairs
  • Dull ache in center of knee
  • Patellar compression will elicit pain and crepitus/grinding 
  • ‘Movie goer’s sign’
  • Overpronation
A

patellofemoral pain syndrome

75
Q

management of patellofemoral pain syndrome (4)

A
  • RICE
  • Activity modification
  • Wearing patellar brace or McConnell tape job
  • Correct biomechanical issues/strength/flexibility
76
Q

Jumper’s knee ( Not the patellar tuberosity that’s mad but the tendon in between)

A

patellar tendonitis

77
Q

patellar tendonitis results in pain in one or more of the following:

A

a) The inferior pole of the patella
b) The mid tendon region
c) The insertion at the tibial tuberosity

78
Q

4 causes of patellar tendonitis

A

1) Jumping or kicking
2) Over-pronation
3) Running on hard surfaces; rapid increase in running
4) Sudden or repetitive extension

79
Q

where is the pain located in patellar tendonitis

A

inferior pole of the patella

80
Q

3 phased of signs and symptoms of patellar tendonitis

A

1) pain after activity,

2) pain during and after, 3)pain during and after (possibly prolonged) and may become constant

81
Q

management of patellar tendonitis (7)

A
  • RICE
  • Therapeutic modalities; heat
  • Exercise
  • Patellar tendon bracing
  • Transverse friction massage
  • Eccentric strengthening
  • Stop & drops
82
Q

Etiology:

  • caused by repetitive/overuse conditions
  • structural mal-alignment
  • structural asymmetries
  • training errors
A

iliotibial band friction syndrome

83
Q
  • Leg length discrepency
  • Genu varum
  • Over pronation
  • sudden change in training surface, equipment, distance
  • tight TLF/glute max
  • hip weakness

Etiology for?

A

iliotibial band friction syndrome

84
Q

iliotibial band friction syndrome caused by compressive and friction forces to ?

A

lateral femoral condyle

85
Q

When the knee flexes, the ITB moves posteriorly along the lateral femoral epicondyle.
- Contact against the condyle is highest between ? degrees

A

20-30 degrees

86
Q

the IT band rubs more vigorously when it is ?

A

excessively tight or stressed

87
Q

Pain after running; going up or down stairs; point tenderness at Gerdy’s tubercle

A

iliotibial band friction syndrome

88
Q

management of iliotibial band friction syndrome (6)

A
  • RICE,
  • correction of mal-alignment,
  • proper warm-up & stretching; -activity modification,
  • stretching,
  • orthotics
89
Q

Acute, chronic or recurrent swelling of the knee

A

bursitis

90
Q
  • prepatellar bursitis is from ?

- infrapatellar bursitis is from?

A
  • continued kneeling

- overuse of patellar tendon

91
Q

Injury occurs as the result of a single contusion force or when there is repeated compression and shearing forces together

A

bursitis

92
Q

pes anserine bursitis is caused from? (5)

A
  • Overuse: as in breaststroke kicking, or kicking a ball repeatedly; running with one leg higher than other (i.e. crowned road)
  • Repeatedly pivoting from a deep knee bend
  • A direct blow to the area
  • Biomechanical features such as genu valgum or external tibial rotation. (running on a slant –> switch up route)
  • Bursa sits below the 3 tendons
93
Q

what 3 tendons does the bursa sit below in pes anserine bursitis ?

A

sartorious, semitendinosis, gracilis

94
Q

-Prepatellar ? may be localized swelling above knee that is ballotable

A

bursitis

95
Q

swelling in popliteal fossa may indicate?

A

bakers cyst

96
Q

management of bursitis

A

RICE, activity modification & protective foam donut pad Aspiration and steroid injection if chronic

EPHE 344 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions