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musculoskeletal anatomy > Knee > Flashcards

Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What is different about the lateral condyle of the inferior femur?

A

Projects farther laterally

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2
Q

how does the lateral condyle of the femur assist in functionality?

A

Patellofemoral stability

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3
Q

How does the medial condyle of the femur assist in function?

A

Screw home mechanism

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4
Q

What creates the extension of the lateral condyle of the femur?

A

Lateral pull of patella by muscles

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5
Q

Which condyle of the tibia is 50% larger?

A

Medial

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6
Q

What are the 3 facets of the patella?

A

Medial, lateral, odd

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7
Q

What do the medial and lateral facets of the patella form in the trochlear groove?

A

ā€œVā€

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8
Q

What are the 2 articulations of the Knee?

A
  1. Tibiofemoral

2. Patellofemoral

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9
Q

What is 1 limitation and 1 functional advantage of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Limitation: Poor congruence
Advantage: Large articular surface

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10
Q

What is an advantage of the patellofemoral joint over the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Good congruence

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11
Q

When is the congruence better in the patellofemoral joint?

A

In flexion

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12
Q

What is the fibrous sleeve that invests the distal end on the femur and the proximal tibia?

A

Joint Capsule

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13
Q

What is the inner surface of the joint capsule covered by?

A

Synovial lining

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14
Q

What reinforces the joint capsule?

A

Ligaments for stability

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15
Q

In extension, the joint capsule is loose ________ and tight ________ preventing ________.

A

Anteriorly, Posteriorly, Hyperextension

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16
Q

In flexion, _________ aspect of capsule prevents femur from _______ _______

A

anterior, sliding, anteriorly

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17
Q

Are the ACL & PCL within the synovium?

A

NO

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18
Q

Where is the synovium found?

A

Lines joint capsule

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19
Q

What does the synovium do posteriorly?

A

Invaginates

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20
Q

Why do the ACL & PCL need their own blood supplies while the menisci do not?

A

ACL & PCL are not within the synovium

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21
Q

What are 2 functions of the Bursae?

A
  1. Reduce friction

2. Increase surface area (reduce compressional stress)

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22
Q

What are the 4 anterior bursae? (Superior to inferior)

A
  1. Suprapatellar bursa
  2. Prepatellar bursa
  3. Depp infrapatellar bursa
  4. Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
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23
Q

Where are the posterior bursae located?

A

Under muscle bellies and tendon attachments

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24
Q

What are 3 areas posterior bursae are found?

A
  1. Gastroc
  2. Popliteus
  3. Semimembranosis tendon
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25
Q

Which menisci have insertion sites that are far apart? (C-shaped)

A

Medial

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26
Q

Which Menisci have insertion sites that are close together? (Circular)

A

Lateral

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27
Q

What ligament has capsular attachments on the Medial Menisci?

A

MCL

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28
Q

What ligaments attach to the lateral menisci posteriorly?

A

Meniscofemoral (PCL)

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29
Q

What are the 4 ligaments about the Menisci?

A
  1. Coronary
  2. Transverse
  3. Intercondylar
  4. Meniscofemoral
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30
Q

Where do the coronary ligaments attach?

A

Menisci -> Tibia

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31
Q

Where do the transverse ligaments attach?

A

Anterior menisus -> anterior meniscus

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32
Q

Where do the intercondylar ligaments attach?

A

Meniscal horns -> intercondylar eminence

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33
Q

Where do the meniscofemoral ligaments attach?

A

Posterior horn of lateral meniscus -> medial femoral condyle

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34
Q

What are 3 functions of the Menisci?

A
  1. Improve congruency
  2. Assist in arthrokinematics
  3. Distribute weight bearing forces
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35
Q

How do the menisci influence loading?

A

Greatly reduce external forces by increasing surface area.

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36
Q

What is needed of the menisci during tibiofemoral motion to improve congruency and distribute forces?

A

Movement

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37
Q

During flexion, menisci move _______

A

Posteriorly

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38
Q

During extension, menisci move _________

A

Anteriorly

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39
Q

Which menisci has twice as much motion?

A

Lateral

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40
Q

Which menisci are attached to the joint capsule?

A

Medial

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41
Q

What 4 structures does the stability of the knee depend on?

A
  1. Collateral Ligaments
  2. Cruciate Ligaments
  3. Capsular Ligaments
  4. Muscles/tendons
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42
Q

What structure increases the surface area of the knee extensor mechanism?

A

Patellar Retinacula

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43
Q

How would medial external force affect the knee?

A

load the lateral side (varus)

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44
Q

How would lateral external force affect the knee joint?

A

Medial loading (valgus)

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45
Q

Which type of loading (Valgus or varus) is more common?

A

Valgus

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46
Q

Which cruciate ligament is ccapsular?

A

MCL

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47
Q

Which cruciate ligament is Extrinsic?

A

LCL

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48
Q

When is the MCL most effective?

A

Extension (taut in this position)

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49
Q

What muscle attachment does the LCL run underneath?

A

Biceps femoris

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50
Q

What does the LCL primarily resist?

A

Varus Stress

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51
Q

What does the MCL primarily resist?

A

Valgus stress

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52
Q

What are 2 secondary restraints of the LCL?

A
  1. Tibial Lateral Rotation

2. Posterior tibial displacement

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53
Q

slide 38

A

slide 38

54
Q

Which condyle of the femur extends farther distally and laterally?

A

Medial

55
Q

What forms the Iliotibial Band proximally?

A

Fascia investing TFL & glut max

56
Q

Where does the IT band insert?

A

Lateral Tibial Condyle

57
Q

Which side of the knee does the IT band reinforce

A

Lateral

58
Q

How does the IT band assist the ACL?

A

Resists tibial IR and posterior displacement of the femur when tibia is fixed.

59
Q

What are the Posterior reinforcing ligaments of the knee

A
  1. Oblique Popliteal

2. Arcuate

60
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachment sites of the oblique popliteal ligament?

A

Proximal: Lat condyle of femur
Distal: Med Condyle tibia

61
Q

What are the Proximal and distal Attachment sites of the Arcuate ligament?

A

Proximal: Lat condyles of femur and tibia
Distal: head of fibula

62
Q

The cruciates are within the _________ _________ but outside of the _________ ___________

A
  1. Articular Capsule

2. Synovial Capsule

63
Q

The Cruciates are stabilizing ligaments that resist ________ and anterior/posterior ________ of the tibia

A
  1. Rotation

2. Translation

64
Q

What are the attachments of the ACL?

A

Lateral Femoral condyle -> Anterior intercondylar fossa

65
Q

What innervates the ACL?

A

Tibial Nerve

66
Q

What two forces does the ACL primarily resist?

A

Anterior tibial Translation & Internal Tibial Rotation

67
Q

The ACL secondarily resists ______ and _______ stresses

A

Varus and valgus

68
Q

What are the attachment sites of the PCL?

A

Medial femoral condyle -> posterior intercondylar fossa

69
Q

What are the attachment sites of the meniscofemoral ligaments?

A

posterior horn of lateral meniscus -> lateral wall of medial femoral condyle

70
Q

What does the PCL primarily resist?

A

Posterior translation of tibia or anterior translation of femur

71
Q

At what range of flexion is the PCL least effective at?

A

70-90

72
Q

What is the Screw-home mechanism?

A

Femur rotates medially in relation to the tibia or vice versa upon extension: locking/unlocking the knee

73
Q

Which segment (femur or tibia) moves in the screw-home motion?

A

Whichever has least amount of inertia.

74
Q

What muscle works to unlock/lock the knee?

A

Popliteaus

75
Q

What is the average angle of the patellar facet angle?

A

138 degrees

76
Q

What is an incomplete fusion of the epiphyseal disc in the patella?

A

Bipartite Patella

77
Q

What is the Patella embedded in?

A

Quad Tendon

78
Q

What does the patella articulate with?

A

Trochlear groove of femur

79
Q

How do the muscles typically pull the patella?

A

Along Diaphesis of femur

80
Q

What does the Q Angle measure

A

line from ASIS (femoral shaft) to center of patella

Line from tibial tuberosity to patella

81
Q

Know how to draw the Q-angle

A

Draw it.

82
Q

What is the function of the patella?

A

Provides mechanical advantage by placing torque further from the axis of rotation

83
Q

Draw PFJ

A

DRAW IT

84
Q

What is a high-riding patella called?

A

Patella Alta

85
Q

What is the normal patella ligament hight / patellar height ratio

A

Should be bout 1.3/1

86
Q

What happens fuctionally when the patella rides high on the femur?

A

Less congruence and stability

87
Q

at what angle of flexion does the patellar tendon compress the anterior portion of the patella?

A

90degree

88
Q

at what angle of flexion does the patellar tendon compress the middle portion of the patella?

A

45deg

89
Q

at what angle of flexion does the patellar tendon compress the Posterior portion of the patella?

A

20Deg

90
Q

at greater flexion angles, quad tendon contacts ______

A

femur

91
Q

What are the only anterior muscles that control extension?

A

Quads

92
Q

Vastus Intermedius prox Origin

A

Anterior femoral shaft

93
Q

Vastus lateralis Prox Origin

A

Lateral Lip of Linea Aspera (Lat Greater trochanter)

94
Q

Vastus Medialis prox origin

A

Med lip of linea aspera (distal intertrochanteric line)

95
Q

All Vasti Distal ins

A

Tibial Tuberosity (via patellar ligament)

96
Q

Vasti Muscles innervation

A

Femoral N

97
Q

functions of Vasti Muscles

A
  1. Extend Knee

2. Prevent entrapment of capsule

98
Q

Rectus Femoris Prox Origin

A

AIIS and Sup (roof) acetabulum

99
Q

Rectus Femoris Dist Ins

A

Tibial tuberoosity (via patellar ligament)

100
Q

Rectus Femoris Innervation

A

Femoral N

101
Q

Functions of Rectus Femoris

A
  1. Extends Knee

2. Flexes Hip

102
Q

All Hamstring muscles Prox origin

A

Ischial Tuberosity

103
Q

biceps Femoris long head dist ins

A

Head of fibula

104
Q

Semimembranosis dist ins

A

Medial Tibial Condyle

105
Q

Semitendinosus dist ins

A

Pes Anserinus

106
Q

Innervation of all hamstrings (except biceps femoris short head)

A

Tbial N

107
Q

Function of all Hamstrings (except biceps Femoris, short head)

A
  1. Flex Knee
  2. IR Tibia (semimem & semitend)
  3. ER Tibia (BF long head)
  4. Extend hip
108
Q

Biceps femoris short head prox orig

A

Linea Aspera (lateral lib in middle 1/3 of femur)

109
Q

Biceps femoris short head dist ins

A

Head of fibula

110
Q

Innervation of Biceps Femoris short head

A

Common Fibular N

111
Q

What are the functions of the biceps femoris short head?

A
  1. Flexes Knee

2. ER Tibia

112
Q

Popliteus Prox origin

A

Lateral Femoral Condyle

113
Q

Popliteus Dist ins

A

Posterior Tibial Surface

114
Q

Popliteus Innervation

A

Tibial N

115
Q

Functions of Popliteus

A
  1. Flexes Knee
  2. IR Tibia
  3. ER Femur
  4. Limits Hyperextension
116
Q

Sartorius Prox Origin

A

ASIS

117
Q

Sartorius Dist Ins

A

Medial Tibial Condyle (pes anserinus)

118
Q

Sartorius Innervation

A

Femoral N

119
Q

Functions of Sartorius

A
  1. Flexes Knee
  2. Flexes Hip
  3. Abducts Hip
  4. ER Hip
120
Q

Gracilis Prox Origin

A

Inferior Pubic Ramus

121
Q

Gracilis Dist Ins

A

Medial to the tibial Tuberosity (pes anserinus)

122
Q

Gracilis Innervation

A

Obturator N

123
Q

Functions of the Gracilis

A
  1. Flex Knee
  2. IR Tibia
  3. ADD Hip
  4. Flex Hip
124
Q

What is the sequence of tendon insertions into the Pes Anserinus (sup -> inf)

A

Sup: Sartorius
Mid: Gracilis
Inf: Semitendinosus

125
Q

Gastroc med head Prox Origin

A

Med Epicondyle of Femur

126
Q

Gastroc Lat Head prox origin

A

Lat Epicondyle of Femur

127
Q

Gastroc (both heads) dist Ins

A

calcaneal tubrosity via Achilles Tendon

128
Q

Plantaris prox origin

A

Lat Epicondyle of Femur

129
Q

Plantaris dist Ins

A

Calcaneal Tuberosity via Achilles Tendon

130
Q

What Innervates the gastroc and Plantaris

A

Tibial N

131
Q

Functions of the Gastrocnemius and Plantaris

A
  1. Flex knee
  2. Plaantar-flex Ankle
  3. Invert intertarsal

musculoskeletal anatomy (6 decks)

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