Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CH344 > KJB - Transcriptomics > Flashcards

KJB - Transcriptomics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an -ome?

A

A suffix that is attached to biological entities for describing very large-scale data collection and analysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define proteome.

A

All of the proteins produced by a cell at a given point in time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does transcriptomics and proteomics entail?

A

Involves looking at RNA and proteins produced by a given set of cells under a given set of conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a gene expression profile?

A

It looks at all of your genes (20,000 - 30,000) at the same times and tells you which are on and off. If they are on, they will produce RNA + protein. If they are switched off, they will not. You can tell how much a gene is switched on by how much RNA and how many proteins are made. Some genes need to produce more product depending on what they are used for.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why use gene expression profiling and how is it done?

A

To help characterise complex diseases.

  1. Collect tissue samples from healthy and diseased participants.
  2. Determine gene expression profiles.
  3. Identify genes that are expressed differently in.
  4. Use this information to:
    • develop diagnostic tests
    • identify new drug targets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a transcript?

A

An RNA molecule?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which is bigger, RNA or DNA?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which is more water soluble, RNA or DNA?

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which is very unstable and degrades quickly, RNA or DNA?

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What techniques allow you to identify new drug targets?

A

Microarray gene chips, Spotted arrays and Affymetrix gene chips.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the basic principle of micro array gene chips?

A

Nucleic acid hybridisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Microarrays are a solid support which contain…

A

… short pieces of single stranded DNA (probes) attached to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A single strand of DNA or RNA can pair specifically with a second strand of complementary nucleotide sequence via which bond?

A

Hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The probes are…? What is added for it to pair?

A

Single stranded DNA. We add RNA sequence for it to pair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spotted arrays are also known as…

A

… two channel microarrays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The conditions to make comparisons between healthy and diseased samples using spotted arrays are:

A
  1. You must let them stick to the array at the same time

2. You can only make comparisons between two samples on the SAME chip.

17
Q

Do spotted arrays look at the whole set of genes?

A

NO. Only looks at a limited number of genes.

18
Q

How are Affymetrix gene chips synthesised?

A

Photolithographically. Robots synthesis probes directly onto the glass support of the chip.

19
Q

Difference between comparison making with spotted arrays and affymetrix gene chips?

A

Spotted arrays - can only make comparisons on the SAME chip.

Affymetrix gene chips - can make comparisons BETWEEN chips.

20
Q

Difference in how Affymetrix gene chips (Photolithographic oligo chips) and spotted arrays express intensity.

A

Affymetrix chips - BRIGHTER chips are more strongly expressed.
Spotted arrays - BIGGER chips are more strongly expressed.

21
Q

What are the 5 current applications of microarray technology?

A
  1. Identifying new drug targets
  2. Testing cellular activity of new drug molecules
  3. Establishing toxicity profiles and identifying metabolic pathways of new drugs
  4. Improving/ early diagnosis of conditions
  5. Matching optimised drug treatment regimes to patient/tumour genotypes (pharmacogenomics)
22
Q

Briefly describe the 5 current applications of microarray techniques.

A
  1. Identify new drug targets for specific disease conditions.
    Pair-wise comparisons between healthy and diseased tissues allows us to examine the gene expression profiles. Any alterations during disease can indicate a pathway that results in disease. These can make useful drug targets.
  2. Testing cellular activity of new drug molecules.
    Cell cultures are treated with the novel drug molecule and the genome response is monitored. This also allows us to examine specificity/ pharmacology –> metabolism (including induction/inhibition)
  3. Establishing toxicity profiles + identifying metabolic pathways of new drugs.
    Cell cultures and animal models are exposed to the new drug molecule. Existing gene expression profiles are compared with those that show signs of toxicity such as increase in inflammatory markers/ cell death.
  4. Improved/ early diagnosis of disease condition.
  5. Matching the optimum drug treatment to patient/ tumour genotype (pharmacogenomics).
    If a patient has poor prognosis, they are treated more aggressively. Gene expression profiles will allow us to choose treatment appropriately.

CH344 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions